Refs #33476 -- Reformatted code with Black.

2 files changed, 275 insertions, 189 deletions

diff --git a/tests/basic/models.py b/tests/basic/models.py
index 6dcdfa90c0..59a6a8d67f 100644
--- a/tests/basic/models.py
+++ b/tests/basic/models.py
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pub_date', 'headline')
+        ordering = ("pub_date", "headline")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 
 class FeaturedArticle(models.Model):
-    article = models.OneToOneField(Article, models.CASCADE, related_name='featured')
+    article = models.OneToOneField(Article, models.CASCADE, related_name="featured")
 
 
 class ArticleSelectOnSave(Article):
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ class ArticleSelectOnSave(Article):
 
 class SelfRef(models.Model):
     selfref = models.ForeignKey(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         models.SET_NULL,
-        null=True, blank=True,
-        related_name='+',
+        null=True,
+        blank=True,
+        related_name="+",
     )
     article = models.ForeignKey(Article, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/basic/tests.py b/tests/basic/tests.py
index a3aab7baa7..4ff91388e6 100644
--- a/tests/basic/tests.py
+++ b/tests/basic/tests.py
@@ -7,22 +7,28 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DatabaseError, connections, models
 from django.db.models.manager import BaseManager
 from django.db.models.query import MAX_GET_RESULTS, EmptyQuerySet
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, ArticleSelectOnSave, ChildPrimaryKeyWithDefault, FeaturedArticle,
-    PrimaryKeyWithDefault, SelfRef,
+    Article,
+    ArticleSelectOnSave,
+    ChildPrimaryKeyWithDefault,
+    FeaturedArticle,
+    PrimaryKeyWithDefault,
+    SelfRef,
 )
 
 
 class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_object_is_not_written_to_database_until_save_was_called(self):
         a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         self.assertIsNone(a.id)
@@ -38,62 +44,68 @@ class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
         You can initialize a model instance using positional arguments,
         which should match the field order as defined in the model.
         """
-        a = Article(None, 'Second article', datetime(2005, 7, 29))
+        a = Article(None, "Second article", datetime(2005, 7, 29))
         a.save()
 
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Second article')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Second article")
         self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0))
 
     def test_can_create_instance_using_kwargs(self):
         a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Third article',
+            headline="Third article",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30),
         )
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Third article')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Third article")
         self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
 
     def test_autofields_generate_different_values_for_each_instance(self):
-        a1 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
-        a2 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
-        a3 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
+        a1 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
+        )
+        a2 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
+        )
+        a3 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(a3.id, a1.id)
         self.assertNotEqual(a3.id, a2.id)
 
     def test_can_mix_and_match_position_and_kwargs(self):
         # You can also mix and match position and keyword arguments, but
         # be sure not to duplicate field information.
-        a = Article(None, 'Fourth article', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
+        a = Article(None, "Fourth article", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Fourth article')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Fourth article")
 
     def test_positional_and_keyword_args_for_the_same_field(self):
         msg = "Article() got both positional and keyword arguments for field '%s'."
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % 'headline'):
-            Article(None, 'Fifth article', headline='Other headline.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % 'headline'):
-            Article(None, 'Sixth article', headline='')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % 'pub_date'):
-            Article(None, 'Seventh article', datetime(2021, 3, 1), pub_date=None)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % "headline"):
+            Article(None, "Fifth article", headline="Other headline.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % "headline"):
+            Article(None, "Sixth article", headline="")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % "pub_date"):
+            Article(None, "Seventh article", datetime(2021, 3, 1), pub_date=None)
 
     def test_cannot_create_instance_with_invalid_kwargs(self):
         msg = "Article() got unexpected keyword arguments: 'foo'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article(
                 id=None,
-                headline='Some headline',
+                headline="Some headline",
                 pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31),
-                foo='bar',
+                foo="bar",
             )
         msg = "Article() got unexpected keyword arguments: 'foo', 'bar'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article(
                 id=None,
-                headline='Some headline',
+                headline="Some headline",
                 pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31),
-                foo='bar',
-                bar='baz',
+                foo="bar",
+                bar="baz",
             )
 
     def test_can_leave_off_value_for_autofield_and_it_gets_value_on_save(self):
@@ -101,51 +113,55 @@ class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
         You can leave off the value for an AutoField when creating an
         object, because it'll get filled in automatically when you save().
         """
-        a = Article(headline='Article 5', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
+        a = Article(headline="Article 5", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Article 5')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Article 5")
         self.assertIsNotNone(a.id)
 
     def test_leaving_off_a_field_with_default_set_the_default_will_be_saved(self):
         a = Article(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Default headline')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Default headline")
 
     def test_for_datetimefields_saves_as_much_precision_as_was_given(self):
         """as much precision in *seconds*"""
         a1 = Article(
-            headline='Article 7',
+            headline="Article 7",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30),
         )
         a1.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30)
+        )
 
         a2 = Article(
-            headline='Article 8',
+            headline="Article 8",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
         )
         a2.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id).pub_date,
+            datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
+        )
 
     def test_saving_an_object_again_does_not_create_a_new_object(self):
-        a = Article(headline='original', pub_date=datetime(2014, 5, 16))
+        a = Article(headline="original", pub_date=datetime(2014, 5, 16))
         a.save()
         current_id = a.id
 
         a.save()
         self.assertEqual(a.id, current_id)
 
-        a.headline = 'Updated headline'
+        a.headline = "Updated headline"
         a.save()
         self.assertEqual(a.id, current_id)
 
     def test_querysets_checking_for_membership(self):
-        headlines = [
-            'Parrot programs in Python', 'Second article', 'Third article']
+        headlines = ["Parrot programs in Python", "Second article", "Third article"]
         some_pub_date = datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
         for headline in headlines:
             Article(headline=headline, pub_date=some_pub_date).save()
-        a = Article(headline='Some headline', pub_date=some_pub_date)
+        a = Article(headline="Some headline", pub_date=some_pub_date)
         a.save()
 
         # You can use 'in' to test for membership...
@@ -167,52 +183,61 @@ class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
 
 class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_objects_attribute_is_only_available_on_the_class_itself(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "Manager isn't accessible via Article instances"):
-            getattr(Article(), "objects",)
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Article(), 'objects'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(Article, 'objects'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "Manager isn't accessible via Article instances"
+        ):
+            getattr(
+                Article(),
+                "objects",
+            )
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Article(), "objects"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(Article, "objects"))
 
     def test_queryset_delete_removes_all_items_in_that_queryset(self):
-        headlines = [
-            'An article', 'Article One', 'Amazing article', 'Boring article']
+        headlines = ["An article", "Article One", "Amazing article", "Boring article"]
         some_pub_date = datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
         for headline in headlines:
             Article(headline=headline, pub_date=some_pub_date).save()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all().order_by('headline'),
+            Article.objects.all().order_by("headline"),
             sorted(headlines),
             transform=lambda a: a.headline,
         )
-        Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='A').delete()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get().headline, 'Boring article')
+        Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="A").delete()
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get().headline, "Boring article")
 
     def test_not_equal_and_equal_operators_behave_as_expected_on_instances(self):
         some_pub_date = datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
-        a1 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=some_pub_date)
-        a2 = Article.objects.create(headline='Second', pub_date=some_pub_date)
+        a1 = Article.objects.create(headline="First", pub_date=some_pub_date)
+        a2 = Article.objects.create(headline="Second", pub_date=some_pub_date)
         self.assertNotEqual(a1, a2)
         self.assertEqual(a1, Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id))
 
-        self.assertNotEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id), Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id))
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id), Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id)
+        )
 
     def test_microsecond_precision(self):
         a9 = Article(
-            headline='Article 9',
+            headline="Article 9",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180),
         )
         a9.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a9.pk).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=a9.pk).pub_date,
+            datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180),
+        )
 
     def test_manually_specify_primary_key(self):
         # You can manually specify the primary key when creating a new object.
         a101 = Article(
             id=101,
-            headline='Article 101',
+            headline="Article 101",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
         )
         a101.save()
         a101 = Article.objects.get(pk=101)
-        self.assertEqual(a101.headline, 'Article 101')
+        self.assertEqual(a101.headline, "Article 101")
 
     def test_create_method(self):
         # You can create saved objects in a single step
@@ -226,11 +251,11 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         # Edge-case test: A year lookup should retrieve all objects in
         # the given year, including Jan. 1 and Dec. 31.
         a11 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 11',
+            headline="Article 11",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1),
         )
         a12 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 12',
+            headline="Article 12",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -241,11 +266,13 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_unicode_data(self):
         # Unicode data works, too.
         a = Article(
-            headline='\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f',
+            headline="\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a.id).headline, '\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=a.id).headline, "\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f"
+        )
 
     def test_hash_function(self):
         # Model instances have a hash function, so they can be used in sets
@@ -256,44 +283,64 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
         )
         a11 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 11',
+            headline="Article 11",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1),
         )
         a12 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 12',
+            headline="Article 12",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
         )
 
         s = {a10, a11, a12}
-        self.assertIn(Article.objects.get(headline='Article 11'), s)
+        self.assertIn(Article.objects.get(headline="Article 11"), s)
 
     def test_extra_method_select_argument_with_dashes_and_values(self):
         # The 'select' argument to extra() supports names with dashes in
         # them, as long as you use values().
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(headline='Article 10', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)),
-            Article(headline='Article 11', pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
-            Article(headline='Article 12', pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)),
-        ])
-        dicts = Article.objects.filter(
-            pub_date__year=2008).extra(
-            select={'dashed-value': '1'}).values('headline', 'dashed-value')
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 10", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)
+                ),
+                Article(headline="Article 11", pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 12",
+                    pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        dicts = (
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008)
+            .extra(select={"dashed-value": "1"})
+            .values("headline", "dashed-value")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             [sorted(d.items()) for d in dicts],
-            [[('dashed-value', 1), ('headline', 'Article 11')], [('dashed-value', 1), ('headline', 'Article 12')]]
+            [
+                [("dashed-value", 1), ("headline", "Article 11")],
+                [("dashed-value", 1), ("headline", "Article 12")],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_extra_method_select_argument_with_dashes(self):
         # If you use 'select' with extra() and names containing dashes on a
         # query that's *not* a values() query, those extra 'select' values
         # will silently be ignored.
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(headline='Article 10', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)),
-            Article(headline='Article 11', pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
-            Article(headline='Article 12', pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)),
-        ])
-        articles = Article.objects.filter(
-            pub_date__year=2008).extra(select={'dashed-value': '1', 'undashedvalue': '2'})
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 10", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)
+                ),
+                Article(headline="Article 11", pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 12",
+                    pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        articles = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008).extra(
+            select={"dashed-value": "1", "undashedvalue": "2"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(articles[0].undashedvalue, 2)
 
     def test_create_relation_with_gettext_lazy(self):
@@ -301,7 +348,7 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         gettext_lazy objects work when saving model instances
         through various methods. Refs #10498.
         """
-        notlazy = 'test'
+        notlazy = "test"
         lazy = gettext_lazy(notlazy)
         Article.objects.create(headline=lazy, pub_date=datetime.now())
         article = Article.objects.get()
@@ -325,23 +372,23 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             EmptyQuerySet()
         self.assertIsInstance(Article.objects.none(), EmptyQuerySet)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance('', EmptyQuerySet)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance("", EmptyQuerySet)
 
     def test_emptyqs_values(self):
         # test for #15959
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            qs = Article.objects.none().values_list('pk')
+            qs = Article.objects.none().values_list("pk")
             self.assertIsInstance(qs, EmptyQuerySet)
             self.assertEqual(len(qs), 0)
 
     def test_emptyqs_customqs(self):
         # A hacky test for custom QuerySet subclass - refs #17271
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
 
         class CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
             def do_something(self):
-                return 'did something'
+                return "did something"
 
         qs = Article.objects.all()
         qs.__class__ = CustomQuerySet
@@ -349,23 +396,33 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(len(qs), 0)
             self.assertIsInstance(qs, EmptyQuerySet)
-            self.assertEqual(qs.do_something(), 'did something')
+            self.assertEqual(qs.do_something(), "did something")
 
     def test_emptyqs_values_order(self):
         # Tests for ticket #17712
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.none().values_list('id').order_by('id')), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(Article.objects.none().values_list("id").order_by("id")), 0
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.none().filter(
-                id__in=Article.objects.values_list('id', flat=True))), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(
+                    Article.objects.none().filter(
+                        id__in=Article.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)
+                    )
+                ),
+                0,
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_emptyqs_distinct(self):
         # Tests for #19426
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.none().distinct('headline', 'pub_date')), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(Article.objects.none().distinct("headline", "pub_date")), 0
+            )
 
     def test_ticket_20278(self):
         sr = SelfRef.objects.create()
@@ -384,7 +441,7 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_hash(self):
         # Value based on PK
         self.assertEqual(hash(Article(id=1)), hash(1))
-        msg = 'Model instances without primary key value are unhashable'
+        msg = "Model instances without primary key value are unhashable"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             # No PK value -> unhashable (because save() would then change
             # hash)
@@ -410,34 +467,37 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_delete_and_access_field(self):
         # Accessing a field after it's deleted from a model reloads its value.
         pub_date = datetime.now()
-        article = Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=pub_date)
+        article = Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=pub_date)
         new_pub_date = article.pub_date + timedelta(days=10)
-        article.headline = 'bar'
+        article.headline = "bar"
         article.pub_date = new_pub_date
         del article.headline
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(article.headline, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(article.headline, "foo")
         # Fields that weren't deleted aren't reloaded.
         self.assertEqual(article.pub_date, new_pub_date)
 
     def test_multiple_objects_max_num_fetched(self):
         max_results = MAX_GET_RESULTS - 1
         Article.objects.bulk_create(
-            Article(headline='Area %s' % i, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
+            Article(headline="Area %s" % i, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
             for i in range(max_results)
         )
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             MultipleObjectsReturned,
-            'get() returned more than one Article -- it returned %d!' % max_results,
+            "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned %d!" % max_results,
             Article.objects.get,
-            headline__startswith='Area',
+            headline__startswith="Area",
+        )
+        Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Area %s" % max_results, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)
         )
-        Article.objects.create(headline='Area %s' % max_results, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             MultipleObjectsReturned,
-            'get() returned more than one Article -- it returned more than %d!' % max_results,
+            "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned more than %d!"
+            % max_results,
             Article.objects.get,
-            headline__startswith='Area',
+            headline__startswith="Area",
         )
 
 
@@ -447,7 +507,7 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
         # Create an Article.
         cls.a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Swallow programs in Python',
+            headline="Swallow programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         # Save it into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
@@ -455,7 +515,7 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_all_lookup(self):
         # Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
-        self.a.headline = 'Parrot programs in Python'
+        self.a.headline = "Parrot programs in Python"
         self.a.save()
 
         # Article.objects.all() returns all the articles in the database.
@@ -464,16 +524,25 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
     def test_rich_lookup(self):
         # Django provides a rich database lookup API.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=self.a.id), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(headline__startswith='Swallow'), self.a)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(headline__startswith="Swallow"), self.a)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7, pub_date__day=28), self.a)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7), self.a
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(
+                pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7, pub_date__day=28
+            ),
+            self.a,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__week_day=5), self.a)
 
     def test_equal_lookup(self):
         # The "__exact" lookup type can be omitted, as a shortcut.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id=self.a.id), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(headline='Swallow programs in Python'), self.a)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(headline="Swallow programs in Python"), self.a
+        )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005),
@@ -500,14 +569,22 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
     def test_does_not_exist(self):
         # Django raises an Article.DoesNotExist exception for get() if the
         # parameters don't match any object.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."):
-            Article.objects.get(id__exact=2000,)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."
+        ):
+            Article.objects.get(
+                id__exact=2000,
+            )
         # To avoid dict-ordering related errors check only one lookup
         # in single assert.
         with self.assertRaises(ObjectDoesNotExist):
             Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=8)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."):
-            Article.objects.get(pub_date__week_day=6,)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."
+        ):
+            Article.objects.get(
+                pub_date__week_day=6,
+            )
 
     def test_lookup_by_primary_key(self):
         # Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django
@@ -527,7 +604,7 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
         # Create a very similar object
         a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Swallow bites Python',
+            headline="Swallow bites Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         a.save()
@@ -538,24 +615,28 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
         # lookup matches more than one object
         msg = "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned 2!"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
-            Article.objects.get(headline__startswith='Swallow',)
+            Article.objects.get(
+                headline__startswith="Swallow",
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
-            Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005,)
+            Article.objects.get(
+                pub_date__year=2005,
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
             Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7)
 
 
 class ConcurrentSaveTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['basic']
+    available_apps = ["basic"]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_concurrent_delete_with_save(self):
         """
         Test fetching, deleting and finally saving an object - we should get
         an insert in this case.
         """
-        a = Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        a = Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         exceptions = []
 
         def deleter():
@@ -566,60 +647,61 @@ class ConcurrentSaveTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 exceptions.append(e)
             finally:
                 connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].close()
+
         self.assertEqual(len(exceptions), 0)
         t = threading.Thread(target=deleter)
         t.start()
         t.join()
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk).headline, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk).headline, "foo")
 
 
 class ManagerTest(SimpleTestCase):
     QUERYSET_PROXY_METHODS = [
-        'none',
-        'count',
-        'dates',
-        'datetimes',
-        'distinct',
-        'extra',
-        'get',
-        'get_or_create',
-        'update_or_create',
-        'create',
-        'bulk_create',
-        'bulk_update',
-        'filter',
-        'aggregate',
-        'annotate',
-        'alias',
-        'complex_filter',
-        'exclude',
-        'in_bulk',
-        'iterator',
-        'earliest',
-        'latest',
-        'first',
-        'last',
-        'order_by',
-        'select_for_update',
-        'select_related',
-        'prefetch_related',
-        'values',
-        'values_list',
-        'update',
-        'reverse',
-        'defer',
-        'only',
-        'using',
-        'exists',
-        'contains',
-        'explain',
-        '_insert',
-        '_update',
-        'raw',
-        'union',
-        'intersection',
-        'difference',
+        "none",
+        "count",
+        "dates",
+        "datetimes",
+        "distinct",
+        "extra",
+        "get",
+        "get_or_create",
+        "update_or_create",
+        "create",
+        "bulk_create",
+        "bulk_update",
+        "filter",
+        "aggregate",
+        "annotate",
+        "alias",
+        "complex_filter",
+        "exclude",
+        "in_bulk",
+        "iterator",
+        "earliest",
+        "latest",
+        "first",
+        "last",
+        "order_by",
+        "select_for_update",
+        "select_related",
+        "prefetch_related",
+        "values",
+        "values_list",
+        "update",
+        "reverse",
+        "defer",
+        "only",
+        "using",
+        "exists",
+        "contains",
+        "explain",
+        "_insert",
+        "_update",
+        "raw",
+        "union",
+        "intersection",
+        "difference",
     ]
 
     def test_manager_methods(self):
@@ -648,7 +730,9 @@ class SelectOnSaveTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             asos.save(force_update=True)
         Article.objects.all().delete()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, 'Forced update did not affect any rows.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            DatabaseError, "Forced update did not affect any rows."
+        ):
             with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                 asos.save(force_update=True)
 
@@ -683,34 +767,35 @@ class SelectOnSaveTests(TestCase):
             # This is not wanted behavior, but this is how Django has always
             # behaved for databases that do not return correct information
             # about matched rows for UPDATE.
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, 'Forced update did not affect any rows.'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                DatabaseError, "Forced update did not affect any rows."
+            ):
                 asos.save(force_update=True)
             msg = (
                 "An error occurred in the current transaction. You can't "
                 "execute queries until the end of the 'atomic' block."
             )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-                asos.save(update_fields=['pub_date'])
+                asos.save(update_fields=["pub_date"])
         finally:
             Article._base_manager._queryset_class = orig_class
 
 
 class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_refresh(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.now())
         Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.filter(pk=a.pk).update(headline='new headline')
+        Article.objects.filter(pk=a.pk).update(headline="new headline")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             a.refresh_from_db()
-            self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'new headline')
+            self.assertEqual(a.headline, "new headline")
 
         orig_pub_date = a.pub_date
         new_pub_date = a.pub_date + timedelta(10)
-        Article.objects.update(headline='new headline 2', pub_date=new_pub_date)
+        Article.objects.update(headline="new headline 2", pub_date=new_pub_date)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            a.refresh_from_db(fields=['headline'])
-            self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'new headline 2')
+            a.refresh_from_db(fields=["headline"])
+            self.assertEqual(a.headline, "new headline 2")
             self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, orig_pub_date)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             a.refresh_from_db()
@@ -726,7 +811,7 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
         s = SelfRef.objects.create()
         msg = 'Found "__" in fields argument. Relations and transforms are not allowed in fields.'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            s.refresh_from_db(fields=['foo__bar'])
+            s.refresh_from_db(fields=["foo__bar"])
 
     def test_refresh_fk(self):
         s1 = SelfRef.objects.create()
@@ -742,7 +827,7 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
             # The old related instance was thrown away (the selfref_id has
             # changed). It needs to be reloaded on access, so one query
             # executed.
-            self.assertFalse(hasattr(s3_copy.selfref, 'touched'))
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(s3_copy.selfref, "touched"))
             self.assertEqual(s3_copy.selfref, s2)
 
     def test_refresh_null_fk(self):
@@ -763,7 +848,7 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_refresh_fk_on_delete_set_null(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         s1 = SelfRef.objects.create(article=a)
@@ -780,31 +865,31 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
     def test_refresh_clears_reverse_related(self):
         """refresh_from_db() clear cached reverse relations."""
         article = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(article, 'featured'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(article, "featured"))
         FeaturedArticle.objects.create(article_id=article.pk)
         article.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(article, 'featured'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(article, "featured"))
 
     def test_refresh_clears_one_to_one_field(self):
         article = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         featured = FeaturedArticle.objects.create(article_id=article.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, 'Parrot programs in Python')
-        article.headline = 'Parrot programs in Python 2.0'
+        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, "Parrot programs in Python")
+        article.headline = "Parrot programs in Python 2.0"
         article.save()
         featured.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, 'Parrot programs in Python 2.0')
+        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, "Parrot programs in Python 2.0")
 
     def test_prefetched_cache_cleared(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
         s = SelfRef.objects.create(article=a)
         # refresh_from_db() without fields=[...]
-        a1_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related('selfref_set').first()
+        a1_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related("selfref_set").first()
         self.assertCountEqual(a1_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [s])
         s.article = None
         s.save()
@@ -814,12 +899,12 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
         # Cache was cleared and new results are available.
         self.assertCountEqual(a1_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [])
         # refresh_from_db() with fields=[...]
-        a2_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related('selfref_set').first()
+        a2_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related("selfref_set").first()
         self.assertCountEqual(a2_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [])
         s.article = a
         s.save()
         # Relation is added and prefetch cache is stale.
         self.assertCountEqual(a2_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [])
-        a2_prefetched.refresh_from_db(fields=['selfref_set'])
+        a2_prefetched.refresh_from_db(fields=["selfref_set"])
         # Cache was cleared and new results are available.
         self.assertCountEqual(a2_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [s])