[3.2.x] Refs #32720 -- Updated various links in docs to avoid redirects and use HTTPS.

Backport of c156e369553c75a30c78b8ed54a57b1101865105 from main

55 files changed, 100 insertions, 97 deletions

diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 98d51a0548..e5e0e4cc59 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from os.path import abspath, dirname, join
 #
 # Python's default allowed recursion depth is 1000 but this isn't enough for
 # building docs/ref/settings.txt sometimes.
-# https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sphinx-dev/MtRf64eGtv4/discussion
+# https://groups.google.com/g/sphinx-dev/c/MtRf64eGtv4/discussion
 sys.setrecursionlimit(2000)
 
 # Make sure we get the version of this copy of Django
diff --git a/docs/faq/general.txt b/docs/faq/general.txt
index 128c0d9288..f984695d50 100644
--- a/docs/faq/general.txt
+++ b/docs/faq/general.txt
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ site is one module of Django the framework. Furthermore, although Django has
 special conveniences for building "CMS-y" apps, that doesn't mean it's not just
 as appropriate for building "non-CMS-y" apps (whatever that means!).
 
-.. _Drupal: https://drupal.org/
+.. _Drupal: https://www.drupal.org/
 
 How can I download the Django documentation to read it offline?
 ===============================================================
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ software are still a matter of some debate.
 
 For example, `APA style`_,  would dictate something like::
 
-    Django (Version 1.5) [Computer Software]. (2013). Retrieved from https://djangoproject.com.
+    Django (Version 1.5) [Computer Software]. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.djangoproject.com/.
 
 However, the only true guide is what your publisher will accept, so get a copy
 of those guidelines and fill in the gaps as best you can.
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@ Foundation".
 
 If you need a publishing location, use "Lawrence, Kansas".
 
-If you need a web address, use https://djangoproject.com.
+If you need a web address, use https://www.djangoproject.com/.
 
 If you need a name, just use "Django", without any tagline.
 
 If you need a publication date, use the year of release of the version you're
 referencing (e.g., 2013 for v1.5)
 
-.. _APA style: https://www.apastyle.org
+.. _APA style: https://apastyle.apa.org/
diff --git a/docs/howto/auth-remote-user.txt b/docs/howto/auth-remote-user.txt
index 742c0d223b..9c227ae423 100644
--- a/docs/howto/auth-remote-user.txt
+++ b/docs/howto/auth-remote-user.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Windows Authentication or Apache and `mod_authnz_ldap`_, `CAS`_, `Cosign`_,
 .. _mod_authnz_ldap: https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_authnz_ldap.html
 .. _CAS: https://www.apereo.org/projects/cas
 .. _Cosign: http://weblogin.org
-.. _WebAuth: https://www.stanford.edu/services/webauth/
+.. _WebAuth: https://uit.stanford.edu/service/authentication
 .. _mod_auth_sspi: https://sourceforge.net/projects/mod-auth-sspi
 
 When the Web server takes care of authentication it typically sets the
diff --git a/docs/howto/custom-template-backend.txt b/docs/howto/custom-template-backend.txt
index d349259e67..85d1e7948d 100644
--- a/docs/howto/custom-template-backend.txt
+++ b/docs/howto/custom-template-backend.txt
@@ -170,4 +170,4 @@ creating an object that specifies the following attributes:
   to load the template, e.g. ``django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader``.
 
 .. _DEP 182: https://github.com/django/deps/blob/main/final/0182-multiple-template-engines.rst
-.. _Django Debug Toolbar: https://github.com/jazzband/django-debug-toolbar
+.. _Django Debug Toolbar: https://github.com/jazzband/django-debug-toolbar/
diff --git a/docs/howto/deployment/wsgi/modwsgi.txt b/docs/howto/deployment/wsgi/modwsgi.txt
index 97c261f100..fa56f4ee03 100644
--- a/docs/howto/deployment/wsgi/modwsgi.txt
+++ b/docs/howto/deployment/wsgi/modwsgi.txt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Basic configuration
 Once you've got mod_wsgi installed and activated, edit your Apache server's
 `httpd.conf`_ file and add the following.
 
-.. _httpd.conf: https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/DistrosDefaultLayout
+.. _httpd.conf: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/httpd/DistrosDefaultLayout
 
 .. code-block:: apache
 
diff --git a/docs/howto/outputting-pdf.txt b/docs/howto/outputting-pdf.txt
index 37b71b6761..8d61418af0 100644
--- a/docs/howto/outputting-pdf.txt
+++ b/docs/howto/outputting-pdf.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ printer-friendly NCAA tournament brackets, as PDF files, for people
 participating in a March Madness contest.
 
 .. _ReportLab: https://www.reportlab.com/opensource/
-.. _kusports.com: http://www.kusports.com/
+.. _kusports.com: http://www2.kusports.com/
 
 Install ReportLab
 =================
diff --git a/docs/howto/windows.txt b/docs/howto/windows.txt
index 696d83908a..c506799c38 100644
--- a/docs/howto/windows.txt
+++ b/docs/howto/windows.txt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Install Python
 Django is a Python web framework, thus requiring Python to be installed on your
 machine. At the time of writing, Python 3.8 is the latest version.
 
-To install Python on your machine go to https://python.org/downloads/. The
+To install Python on your machine go to https://www.python.org/downloads/. The
 website should offer you a download button for the latest Python version.
 Download the executable installer and run it. Check the boxes next to "Install
 launcher for all users (recommended)" then click "Install Now".
diff --git a/docs/internals/contributing/committing-code.txt b/docs/internals/contributing/committing-code.txt
index 580ea02f52..5bf45b49d8 100644
--- a/docs/internals/contributing/committing-code.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/contributing/committing-code.txt
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ Django's Git repository:
   Credit the contributors in the commit message: "Thanks A for the report and B
   for review." Use git's `Co-Authored-By`_ as appropriate.
 
-  .. _Co-Authored-By: https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-commit-with-multiple-authors/
+  .. _Co-Authored-By: https://docs.github.com/en/github/committing-changes-to-your-project/creating-a-commit-with-multiple-authors
 
 * For commits to a branch, prefix the commit message with the branch name.
   For example: "[1.4.x] Fixed #xxxxx -- Added support for mind reading."
diff --git a/docs/internals/contributing/writing-code/unit-tests.txt b/docs/internals/contributing/writing-code/unit-tests.txt
index fc87c6540f..d9bb3e13b7 100644
--- a/docs/internals/contributing/writing-code/unit-tests.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/contributing/writing-code/unit-tests.txt
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Running tests using ``django-docker-box``
 supported databases and python versions. See the `django-docker-box`_ project
 page for installation and usage instructions.
 
-.. _django-docker-box: https://github.com/django/django-docker-box
+.. _django-docker-box: https://github.com/django/django-docker-box/
 
 .. _running-unit-tests-settings:
 
@@ -320,13 +320,13 @@ associated tests will be skipped.
 To run some of the autoreload tests, you'll need to install the Watchman_
 service.
 
-.. _argon2-cffi: https://pypi.org/project/argon2_cffi/
+.. _argon2-cffi: https://pypi.org/project/argon2-cffi/
 .. _asgiref: https://pypi.org/project/asgiref/
 .. _bcrypt: https://pypi.org/project/bcrypt/
 .. _colorama: https://pypi.org/project/colorama/
 .. _docutils: https://pypi.org/project/docutils/
 .. _geoip2: https://pypi.org/project/geoip2/
-.. _jinja2: https://pypi.org/project/jinja2/
+.. _jinja2: https://pypi.org/project/Jinja2/
 .. _numpy: https://pypi.org/project/numpy/
 .. _Pillow: https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/
 .. _PyYAML: https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAML
diff --git a/docs/internals/contributing/writing-documentation.txt b/docs/internals/contributing/writing-documentation.txt
index 10f98a89d6..0cea608191 100644
--- a/docs/internals/contributing/writing-documentation.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/contributing/writing-documentation.txt
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ To get started contributing, you'll want to read the :ref:`reStructuredText
 reference <sphinx:rst-index>`.
 
 Your locally-built documentation will be themed differently than the
-documentation at `docs.djangoproject.com <https://docs.djangoproject.com>`_.
+documentation at `docs.djangoproject.com <https://docs.djangoproject.com/>`_.
 This is OK! If your changes look good on your local machine, they'll look good
 on the website.
 
diff --git a/docs/internals/git.txt b/docs/internals/git.txt
index 5c2a17e02c..7329fe0bbc 100644
--- a/docs/internals/git.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/git.txt
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ website can be found at `github.com/django/djangoproject.com
 <https://github.com/django/djangoproject.com>`_.
 
 .. _Git: https://git-scm.com/
-.. _documentation: https://git-scm.com/documentation
+.. _documentation: https://git-scm.com/doc
 .. _branches: https://github.com/django/django/branches
 .. _tags: https://github.com/django/django/tags
 
diff --git a/docs/internals/howto-release-django.txt b/docs/internals/howto-release-django.txt
index f889026bf9..beb3581d54 100644
--- a/docs/internals/howto-release-django.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/howto-release-django.txt
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ Now you're ready to actually put the release out there. To do this:
    that they install correctly, but it'll catch silly mistakes.
 
 #. Ask a few people on IRC to verify the checksums by visiting the checksums
-   file (e.g. https://www.djangoproject.com/m/pgp/Django-1.5b1.checksum.txt)
+   file (e.g. https://media.djangoproject.com/pgp/Django-1.5b1.checksum.txt)
    and following the instructions in it. For bonus points, they can also unpack
    the downloaded release tarball and verify that its contents appear to be
    correct (proper version numbers, no stray ``.pyc`` or other undesirable
@@ -451,8 +451,8 @@ need to be done by the releaser.
    <https://readthedocs.org/projects/django/>`_. Since the automatically
    generated version names ("stable-A.B.x") differ from the version names
    used in Read the Docs ("A.B.x"), `create a ticket
-   <https://github.com/rtfd/readthedocs.org/issues/5537>`_ requesting the new
-   version.
+   <https://github.com/readthedocs/readthedocs.org/issues/5537>`_ requesting
+   the new version.
 
 #. `Request the new classifier on PyPI
    <https://github.com/pypa/trove-classifiers/issues/29>`_. For example
diff --git a/docs/internals/mailing-lists.txt b/docs/internals/mailing-lists.txt
index d5b9ab5f9c..c351bddaf1 100644
--- a/docs/internals/mailing-lists.txt
+++ b/docs/internals/mailing-lists.txt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ installation, usage, or debugging of Django.
 * `django-users subscription email address`_
 * `django-users posting email`_
 
-.. _django-users mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/django-users
+.. _django-users mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/g/django-users
 .. _django-users subscription email address: mailto:django-users+subscribe@googlegroups.com
 .. _django-users posting email: mailto:django-users@googlegroups.com
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ the Django Project.
 * `django-core-mentorship subscription email address`_
 * `django-core-mentorship posting email`_
 
-.. _django-core-mentorship mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/django-core-mentorship
+.. _django-core-mentorship mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/g/django-core-mentorship
 .. _django-core-mentorship subscription email address: mailto:django-core-mentorship+subscribe@googlegroups.com
 .. _django-core-mentorship posting email: mailto:django-core-mentorship@googlegroups.com
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ answered there.
 * `django-developers subscription email address`_
 * `django-developers posting email`_
 
-.. _django-developers mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/django-developers
+.. _django-developers mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/g/django-developers
 .. _django-developers subscription email address: mailto:django-developers+subscribe@googlegroups.com
 .. _django-developers posting email: mailto:django-developers@googlegroups.com
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Django's components.
 * `django-i18n subscription email address`_
 * `django-i18n posting email`_
 
-.. _django-i18n mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/django-i18n
+.. _django-i18n mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/g/django-i18n
 .. _django-i18n subscription email address: mailto:django-i18n+subscribe@googlegroups.com
 .. _django-i18n posting email: mailto:django-i18n@googlegroups.com
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ A (very) low-traffic list for announcing :ref:`upcoming security releases
 * `django-announce subscription email address`_
 * `django-announce posting email`_
 
-.. _django-announce mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/django-announce
+.. _django-announce mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/g/django-announce
 .. _django-announce subscription email address: mailto:django-announce+subscribe@googlegroups.com
 .. _django-announce posting email: mailto:django-announce@googlegroups.com
 
@@ -121,6 +121,6 @@ by developers and interested community members.
 * `django-updates subscription email address`_
 * `django-updates posting email`_
 
-.. _django-updates mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/django-updates
+.. _django-updates mailing archive: https://groups.google.com/g/django-updates
 .. _django-updates subscription email address: mailto:django-updates+subscribe@googlegroups.com
 .. _django-updates posting email: mailto:django-updates@googlegroups.com
diff --git a/docs/intro/contributing.txt b/docs/intro/contributing.txt
index f745442d13..29cf3665f3 100644
--- a/docs/intro/contributing.txt
+++ b/docs/intro/contributing.txt
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ This test checks that the ``make_toast()`` returns ``'toast'``.
     * After reading those, if you want something a little meatier to sink
       your teeth into, there's always the Python :mod:`unittest` documentation.
 
-__ https://www.diveinto.org/python3/unit-testing.html
+__ https://diveinto.org/python3/unit-testing.html
 
 Running your new test
 ---------------------
diff --git a/docs/intro/index.txt b/docs/intro/index.txt
index 1be0facb22..f52c04e8cf 100644
--- a/docs/intro/index.txt
+++ b/docs/intro/index.txt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ place: read this material to quickly get up and running.
     Python quickly, we recommend `Dive Into Python`_. If that's not quite your
     style, there are many other `books about Python`_.
 
-    .. _python: https://python.org/
+    .. _python: https://www.python.org/
     .. _list of Python resources for non-programmers: https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers
     .. _Dive Into Python: https://diveinto.org/python3/table-of-contents.html
     .. _books about Python: https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks
diff --git a/docs/intro/install.txt b/docs/intro/install.txt
index dc8399d933..2e67b9a9aa 100644
--- a/docs/intro/install.txt
+++ b/docs/intro/install.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See
 :ref:`faq-python-version-support` for details. Python includes a lightweight
 database called SQLite_ so you won't need to set up a database just yet.
 
-.. _sqlite: https://sqlite.org/
+.. _sqlite: https://www.sqlite.org/
 
 Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with
 your operating system's package manager.
diff --git a/docs/intro/tutorial03.txt b/docs/intro/tutorial03.txt
index 3d83c56b91..1fc72d3e79 100644
--- a/docs/intro/tutorial03.txt
+++ b/docs/intro/tutorial03.txt
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ Put the following code in that template:
     To make the tutorial shorter, all template examples use incomplete HTML. In
     your own projects you should use `complete HTML documents`__.
 
-__ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started#Anatomy_of_an_HTML_document
+__ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started#anatomy_of_an_html_document
 
 Now let's update our ``index`` view in ``polls/views.py`` to use the template:
 
diff --git a/docs/intro/tutorial05.txt b/docs/intro/tutorial05.txt
index 1ff868b1cb..d7f6334324 100644
--- a/docs/intro/tutorial05.txt
+++ b/docs/intro/tutorial05.txt
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ Coverage will help to identify dead code. See
 :doc:`Testing in Django </topics/testing/index>` has comprehensive
 information about testing.
 
-.. _Selenium: http://seleniumhq.org/
+.. _Selenium: https://www.selenium.dev/
 .. _continuous integration: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
 
 What's next?
diff --git a/docs/ref/class-based-views/base.txt b/docs/ref/class-based-views/base.txt
index b12b6e5765..e64fc03555 100644
--- a/docs/ref/class-based-views/base.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/class-based-views/base.txt
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ MRO is an acronym for Method Resolution Order.
         urlpatterns = [
             path('counter/<int:pk>/', ArticleCounterRedirectView.as_view(), name='article-counter'),
             path('details/<int:pk>/', ArticleDetailView.as_view(), name='article-detail'),
-            path('go-to-django/', RedirectView.as_view(url='https://djangoproject.com'), name='go-to-django'),
+            path('go-to-django/', RedirectView.as_view(url='https://www.djangoproject.com/'), name='go-to-django'),
         ]
 
     **Attributes**
diff --git a/docs/ref/clickjacking.txt b/docs/ref/clickjacking.txt
index 9d7c5cb0c3..a50e5ab11f 100644
--- a/docs/ref/clickjacking.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/clickjacking.txt
@@ -132,5 +132,5 @@ See also
 
 A `complete list`_ of browsers supporting ``X-Frame-Options``.
 
-.. _complete list: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options#Browser_compatibility
+.. _complete list: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options#browser_compatibility
 .. _other clickjacking prevention techniques: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking#Prevention
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/gdal.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/gdal.txt
index e3d8b70ced..9f4bed1a5d 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/gdal.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/gdal.txt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ to raster (image) data.
     Although the module is named ``gdal``, GeoDjango only supports some of the
     capabilities of OGR and GDAL's raster features at this time.
 
-__ https://www.gdal.org/
+__ https://gdal.org/
 __ https://gdal.org/user/vector_data_model.html
 
 Overview
@@ -1640,7 +1640,7 @@ Examples of using the different keys when creating rasters can be found in the
 documentation of the corresponding attributes and methods of the
 :class:`GDALRaster` and :class:`GDALBand` classes.
 
-__ https://geojson.org
+__ https://geojson.org/
 
 The ``ds_input`` dictionary
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geoip2.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geoip2.txt
index 5d0d31cfd8..3542090e0b 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geoip2.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geoip2.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ that ``geoip2`` can leverage the C library's faster speed.
 __ https://geoip2.readthedocs.io/
 __ https://pypi.org/project/geoip2/
 __ https://dev.maxmind.com/geoip/geoip2/geolite2/
-__ https://github.com/maxmind/libmaxminddb
+__ https://github.com/maxmind/libmaxminddb/
 
 Example
 =======
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geos.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geos.txt
index 446fb38108..1bca37824a 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geos.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geos.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ maintained by `Refractions Research`__ of Victoria, Canada.
 
 __ https://trac.osgeo.org/geos/
 __ https://sourceforge.net/projects/jts-topo-suite/
-__ https://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfs
+__ https://www.ogc.org/standards/sfs
 __ http://www.refractions.net/
 
 Features
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/index.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/index.txt
index c8343913cf..9682643d9f 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/index.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/index.txt
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ community!  You can:
   sure to provide a complete description of the problem, versions used,
   and specify the component as "GIS".
 
-__ https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geodjango
+__ https://groups.google.com/g/geodjango
 __ https://code.djangoproject.com/newticket
 
 .. _libsettings:
@@ -333,8 +333,8 @@ of the `Fink`__ package system. `Different packages are available`__ (starting
 with ``django-gis``), depending on which version of Python you want to use.
 
 __ https://schwehr.blogspot.com/
-__ http://www.finkproject.org/
-__ http://pdb.finkproject.org/pdb/browse.php?summary=django-gis
+__ https://www.finkproject.org/
+__ https://pdb.finkproject.org/pdb/browse.php?summary=django-gis
 
 .. _macports:
 
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/spatialite.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/spatialite.txt
index 21929e7f84..3d9493352c 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/spatialite.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/install/spatialite.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ For Windows, you may find binaries on the `Gaia-SINS`__ home page.
 In any case, you should always be able to :ref:`install from source
 <spatialite_source>`.
 
-__ https://www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite
+__ https://www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite/index
 __ https://www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/
 
 .. _spatialite_source:
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/model-api.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/model-api.txt
index 2955d6f5d4..8ad7cd8772 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/model-api.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/model-api.txt
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ Additional Resources:
 
 __ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy
 __ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle
-__ https://www.spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/2796/
+__ https://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/2796/
 __ https://spatialreference.org/
 __ https://web.archive.org/web/20080302095452/http://welcome.warnercnr.colostate.edu/class_info/nr502/lg3/datums_coordinates/spcs.html
 
@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ determining `when to use geography data type over geometry data type
 <https://postgis.net/docs/using_postgis_dbmanagement.html#PostGIS_GeographyVSGeometry>`_.
 
 .. rubric:: Footnotes
-.. [#fnogc] OpenGIS Consortium, Inc., `Simple Feature Specification For SQL <https://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfs>`_.
+.. [#fnogc] OpenGIS Consortium, Inc., `Simple Feature Specification For SQL <https://www.ogc.org/standards/sfs>`_.
 .. [#fnogcsrid] *See id.* at Ch. 2.3.8, p. 39 (Geometry Values and Spatial Reference Systems).
-.. [#fnsrid] Typically, SRID integer corresponds to an EPSG (`European Petroleum Survey Group <http://www.epsg.org>`_) identifier.  However, it may also be associated with custom projections defined in spatial database's spatial reference systems table.
+.. [#fnsrid] Typically, SRID integer corresponds to an EPSG (`European Petroleum Survey Group <https://epsg.org/>`_) identifier.  However, it may also be associated with custom projections defined in spatial database's spatial reference systems table.
 .. [#fnthematic] Terry A. Slocum, Robert B. McMaster, Fritz C. Kessler, & Hugh H. Howard, *Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization* (Prentice Hall, 2nd edition), at Ch. 7.1.3.
 .. [#fndist] This limitation does not apply to PostGIS.
 .. [#fngeography] Please refer to the `PostGIS Geography Type <https://postgis.net/docs/using_postgis_dbmanagement.html#PostGIS_Geography>`_ documentation for more details.
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/sitemaps.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/sitemaps.txt
index 7d6db492b5..c81760a2af 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/sitemaps.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/sitemaps.txt
@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Reference
 --------------
 
 .. rubric:: Footnotes
-.. [#] https://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml
+.. [#] https://www.ogc.org/standards/kml
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/tutorial.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/tutorial.txt
index 3a200ca6b7..d6a01c3790 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/gis/tutorial.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/gis/tutorial.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ basic apps`_ project. [#]_
     Proceed through the tutorial sections sequentially for step-by-step
     instructions.
 
-.. _OGC: https://www.opengeospatial.org/
+.. _OGC: https://www.ogc.org/
 .. _world borders: https://thematicmapping.org/downloads/world_borders.php
 .. _GeoDjango basic apps: https://code.google.com/archive/p/geodjango-basic-apps
 
@@ -769,4 +769,4 @@ in your ``admin.py`` file::
 .. [#] This point is the `University of Houston Law Center
        <https://www.law.uh.edu/>`_.
 .. [#] Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc., `OpenGIS Simple Feature Specification
-       For SQL <https://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfs>`_.
+       For SQL <https://www.ogc.org/standards/sfs>`_.
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/sitemaps.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/sitemaps.txt
index 936567411e..43ad1212d9 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/sitemaps.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/sitemaps.txt
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ Note:
         links pointing to other language versions using the `hreflang
         attribute`_. The default is ``False``.
 
-        .. _hreflang attribute: https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077
+        .. _hreflang attribute: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/advanced/crawling/localized-versions
 
     .. attribute:: Sitemap.x_default
 
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ generate a Google News compatible sitemap:
     {% endspaceless %}
     </urlset>
 
-.. _`Google news sitemaps`: https://support.google.com/news/publisher/answer/74288?hl=en
+.. _`Google news sitemaps`: https://support.google.com/news/publisher-center/answer/9606710
 
 Pinging Google
 ==============
@@ -547,9 +547,9 @@ that: :func:`django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()`.
 .. admonition:: Register with Google first!
 
     The :func:`ping_google` command only works if you have registered your
-    site with `Google Webmaster Tools`_.
+    site with `Google Search Console`_.
 
-.. _`Google Webmaster Tools`: https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/
+.. _`Google Search Console`: https://search.google.com/search-console/welcome
 
 One useful way to call :func:`ping_google` is from a model's ``save()``
 method::
diff --git a/docs/ref/contrib/sites.txt b/docs/ref/contrib/sites.txt
index 11abed3231..30d21b17f4 100644
--- a/docs/ref/contrib/sites.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/contrib/sites.txt
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ This accomplishes several things quite nicely:
               raise Http404("Article does not exist on this site")
           # ...
 
-.. _ljworld.com: http://www.ljworld.com/
+.. _ljworld.com: https://www2.ljworld.com/
 .. _lawrence.com: http://www.lawrence.com/
 
 Associating content with a single site
diff --git a/docs/ref/databases.txt b/docs/ref/databases.txt
index 8fc9e89662..e1b4991920 100644
--- a/docs/ref/databases.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/databases.txt
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ Another option is to wrap each ``QuerySet`` using server-side cursors in an
 for the duration of the transaction. This way, the server-side cursor will only
 live for the duration of the transaction.
 
-.. _PgBouncer: https://pgbouncer.github.io/
+.. _PgBouncer: https://www.pgbouncer.org/
 
 .. _manually-specified-autoincrement-pk:
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ MySQL has a couple drivers that implement the Python Database API described in
   library.
 
 .. _mysqlclient: https://pypi.org/project/mysqlclient/
-.. _MySQL Connector/Python: https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/python
+.. _MySQL Connector/Python: https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/python/
 
 These drivers are thread-safe and provide connection pooling.
 
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ a row is added, changed, or deleted within the loop, then that row may or may
 not appear, or may appear twice, in subsequent results fetched from the
 iterator. Your code must handle this.
 
-.. _`Isolation in SQLite`: https://sqlite.org/isolation.html
+.. _`Isolation in SQLite`: https://www.sqlite.org/isolation.html
 
 .. _sqlite-json1:
 
diff --git a/docs/ref/django-admin.txt b/docs/ref/django-admin.txt
index 0b5b9f712b..943a96a445 100644
--- a/docs/ref/django-admin.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/django-admin.txt
@@ -1790,7 +1790,7 @@ Example usage::
 
     django-admin migrate --pythonpath='/home/djangoprojects/myproject'
 
-.. _import search path: https://www.diveinto.org/python3/your-first-python-program.html#importsearchpath
+.. _import search path: https://diveinto.org/python3/your-first-python-program.html#importsearchpath
 
 .. django-admin-option:: --settings SETTINGS
 
diff --git a/docs/ref/middleware.txt b/docs/ref/middleware.txt
index 0078c716c0..e6188d1792 100644
--- a/docs/ref/middleware.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/middleware.txt
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ in the :setting:`SECURE_REDIRECT_EXEMPT` setting.
     Django can't seem to tell when a request actually is already secure, you
     may need to set the :setting:`SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER` setting.
 
-.. _nginx: https://nginx.org
+.. _nginx: https://nginx.org/
 
 Session middleware
 ------------------
diff --git a/docs/ref/request-response.txt b/docs/ref/request-response.txt
index 9595161671..b4bcc22122 100644
--- a/docs/ref/request-response.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/request-response.txt
@@ -1126,9 +1126,9 @@ Without passing ``safe=False``, a :exc:`TypeError` will be raised.
 .. warning::
 
     Before the `5th edition of ECMAScript
-    <https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/index.html#sec-11.1.4>`_
-    it was possible to poison the JavaScript ``Array`` constructor. For this
-    reason, Django does not allow passing non-dict objects to the
+    <https://262.ecma-international.org/5.1/#sec-11.1.4>`_ it was possible to
+    poison the JavaScript ``Array`` constructor. For this reason, Django does
+    not allow passing non-dict objects to the
     :class:`~django.http.JsonResponse` constructor by default.  However, most
     modern browsers implement EcmaScript 5 which removes this attack vector.
     Therefore it is possible to disable this security precaution.
diff --git a/docs/ref/templates/builtins.txt b/docs/ref/templates/builtins.txt
index 02b63db248..709f231729 100644
--- a/docs/ref/templates/builtins.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/templates/builtins.txt
@@ -1337,8 +1337,9 @@ If ``value`` is ``"String with spaces"``, the output will be
 
 Formats a date according to the given format.
 
-Uses a similar format as PHP's ``date()`` function (https://php.net/date)
-with some differences.
+Uses a similar format to PHP's `date()
+<https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.date.php>`_ function with some
+differences.
 
 .. note::
     These format characters are not used in Django outside of templates. They
@@ -2124,8 +2125,8 @@ individual elements of the sequence.
 Returns a slice of the list.
 
 Uses the same syntax as Python's list slicing. See
-https://www.diveinto.org/python3/native-datatypes.html#slicinglists
-for an introduction.
+https://diveinto.org/python3/native-datatypes.html#slicinglists for an
+introduction.
 
 Example::
 
diff --git a/docs/releases/0.95.txt b/docs/releases/0.95.txt
index 06248c0bc0..73cb37f430 100644
--- a/docs/releases/0.95.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/0.95.txt
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ by Django users and developers from around the world. Friendly people are
 usually available at any hour of the day -- to help, or just to chat.
 
 .. _Django website: https://www.djangoproject.com/
-.. _django-users: https://groups.google.com/group/django-users
+.. _django-users: https://groups.google.com/g/django-users
 
 Thanks for using Django!
 
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.0-porting-guide.txt b/docs/releases/1.0-porting-guide.txt
index 7e7a7ad0f6..5bd1e14a9c 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.0-porting-guide.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.0-porting-guide.txt
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ see `the admin`_ below for more details.
     A contributor to djangosnippets__ has written a script that'll `scan your
     models.py and generate a corresponding admin.py`__.
 
-    __ https://www.djangosnippets.org/
-    __ https://www.djangosnippets.org/snippets/603/
+    __ https://djangosnippets.org/
+    __ https://djangosnippets.org/snippets/603/
 
 Example
 ~~~~~~~
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.11.txt b/docs/releases/1.11.txt
index c32203aaee..45bb3474ba 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.11.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.11.txt
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ the timezone based on the system timezone, you can use `tzlocal
 
 This works similar to ``settings.TIME_ZONE = None`` except that it also sets
 ``os.environ['TZ']``. `Let us know
-<https://groups.google.com/d/topic/django-developers/OAV3FChfuPM/discussion>`__
+<https://groups.google.com/g/django-developers/c/OAV3FChfuPM/discussion>`__
 if there's a use case where you find you can't adapt your code to set a
 ``TIME_ZONE``.
 
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.2.txt b/docs/releases/1.2.txt
index ff622cb54a..30e39ac1be 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.2.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.2.txt
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ this into account.
 For more information, see the full :doc:`syndication framework
 documentation </ref/contrib/syndication>`.
 
-.. _RSS best practices: http://www.rssboard.org/rss-profile
+.. _RSS best practices: https://www.rssboard.org/rss-profile
 
 Technical message IDs
 ---------------------
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.4.txt b/docs/releases/1.4.txt
index 3661f177ac..ba08d7bbd7 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.4.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.4.txt
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ comprehensively. See the
 :class:`documentation<django.test.LiveServerTestCase>` for more details and
 concrete examples.
 
-.. _Selenium: https://selenium.dev/
+.. _Selenium: https://www.selenium.dev/
 
 Updated default project layout and ``manage.py``
 ------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.6.txt b/docs/releases/1.6.txt
index fd9d0a19cc..1709991d70 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.6.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.6.txt
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ occasions, such as:
 This makes the cache effectively work on a per-session basis regardless of the
 ``CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ANONYMOUS_ONLY`` setting.
 
-__ https://www.google.com/analytics/
+__ https://marketingplatform.google.com/about/analytics/
 
 ``SEND_BROKEN_LINK_EMAILS`` setting
 -----------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.8.8.txt b/docs/releases/1.8.8.txt
index 74c563abde..8e14499c95 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.8.8.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.8.8.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ intentionally after that, but we won't test subsequent releases against Python
 much value in providing security updates for a version of Python that could be
 insecure. To read more about the decision and to let us know if this will be
 problematic for you, please read the `django-developers thread
-<https://groups.google.com/d/topic/django-developers/eMu5UQpUdWs/discussion>`_.
+<https://groups.google.com/g/django-developers/c/eMu5UQpUdWs/discussion>`_.
 
 Bugfixes
 ========
diff --git a/docs/releases/1.8.txt b/docs/releases/1.8.txt
index ab57349e09..f6d793d02a 100644
--- a/docs/releases/1.8.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/1.8.txt
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ relevant documentation pages have been updated or removed.
 
 The new package is available `on GitHub`_ and on PyPI.
 
-.. _on GitHub: https://github.com/django/django-formtools/
+.. _on GitHub: https://github.com/jazzband/django-formtools/
 
 Database connection reloading between tests
 -------------------------------------------
diff --git a/docs/releases/2.0.txt b/docs/releases/2.0.txt
index e774f9e558..5f0a17dc97 100644
--- a/docs/releases/2.0.txt
+++ b/docs/releases/2.0.txt
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Minor features
 
 * The new :attr:`.ModelAdmin.autocomplete_fields` attribute and
   :meth:`.ModelAdmin.get_autocomplete_fields` method allow using a
-  `Select2 <https://select2.org>`_ search widget for ``ForeignKey`` and
+  `Select2 <https://select2.org/>`_ search widget for ``ForeignKey`` and
   ``ManyToManyField``.
 
 :mod:`django.contrib.auth`
diff --git a/docs/topics/auth/passwords.txt b/docs/topics/auth/passwords.txt
index 28f22f048e..52c90d574b 100644
--- a/docs/topics/auth/passwords.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/auth/passwords.txt
@@ -340,12 +340,12 @@ Include any other hashers that your site uses in this list.
 
 .. _sha1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA1
 .. _pbkdf2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2
-.. _nist: https://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-132
+.. _nist: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf
 .. _bcrypt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcrypt
 .. _`bcrypt library`: https://pypi.org/project/bcrypt/
-.. _`argon2-cffi library`: https://pypi.org/project/argon2_cffi/
+.. _`argon2-cffi library`: https://pypi.org/project/argon2-cffi/
 .. _argon2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon2
-.. _`Password Hashing Competition`: https://password-hashing.net
+.. _`Password Hashing Competition`: https://www.password-hashing.net/
 
 .. _auth-included-hashers:
 
diff --git a/docs/topics/cache.txt b/docs/topics/cache.txt
index afab1cb61e..477a43d298 100644
--- a/docs/topics/cache.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/cache.txt
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ specific views, you can cache only the pieces that are difficult to produce,
 or you can cache your entire site.
 
 Django also works well with "downstream" caches, such as `Squid
-<http://www.squid-cache.org>`_ and browser-based caches. These are the types of
-caches that you don't directly control but to which you can provide hints (via
-HTTP headers) about which parts of your site should be cached, and how.
+<http://www.squid-cache.org/>`_ and browser-based caches. These are the types
+of caches that you don't directly control but to which you can provide hints
+(via HTTP headers) about which parts of your site should be cached, and how.
 
 .. seealso::
     The :ref:`Cache Framework design philosophy <cache-design-philosophy>`
diff --git a/docs/topics/db/search.txt b/docs/topics/db/search.txt
index 54217f81b9..1c4ccca81e 100644
--- a/docs/topics/db/search.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/db/search.txt
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ can then look it up in the database. There are a variety of third-party
 libraries which are designed to help with this process.
 
 .. _Elastic: https://www.elastic.co/
-.. _Solr: https://lucene.apache.org/solr/
+.. _Solr: https://solr.apache.org/
 
 PostgreSQL support
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
diff --git a/docs/topics/email.txt b/docs/topics/email.txt
index 173b1f892f..91faf08cc7 100644
--- a/docs/topics/email.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/email.txt
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ from the request's POST data, sends that to admin@example.com and redirects to
             # to get proper validation errors.
             return HttpResponse('Make sure all fields are entered and valid.')
 
-.. _Header injection: http://www.nyphp.org/phundamentals/8_Preventing-Email-Header-Injection
+.. _Header injection: http://nyphp.org/phundamentals/8_Preventing-Email-Header-Injection
 
 .. _emailmessage-and-smtpconnection:
 
diff --git a/docs/topics/external-packages.txt b/docs/topics/external-packages.txt
index 175fee8979..ffc5552aec 100644
--- a/docs/topics/external-packages.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/external-packages.txt
@@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ Formtools
 
 ``django-formtools`` is a collection of assorted utilities to work with forms.
 
-* `GitHub <https://github.com/django/django-formtools>`__
+* `GitHub <https://github.com/jazzband/django-formtools/>`__
 * `Documentation <https://django-formtools.readthedocs.io/>`__
 * `PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/django-formtools/>`__
diff --git a/docs/topics/forms/modelforms.txt b/docs/topics/forms/modelforms.txt
index 586b668da9..01c707c609 100644
--- a/docs/topics/forms/modelforms.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/forms/modelforms.txt
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ form is rendered, the problem may not even be visible on the web page.
 The alternative approach would be to include all fields automatically, or
 remove only some. This fundamental approach is known to be much less secure
 and has led to serious exploits on major websites (e.g. `GitHub
-<https://github.com/blog/1068-public-key-security-vulnerability-and-mitigation>`_).
+<https://github.blog/2012-03-04-public-key-security-vulnerability-and-mitigation/>`_).
 
 There are, however, two shortcuts available for cases where you can guarantee
 these security concerns do not apply to you:
diff --git a/docs/topics/i18n/translation.txt b/docs/topics/i18n/translation.txt
index 199c82f833..3efcfafe11 100644
--- a/docs/topics/i18n/translation.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/i18n/translation.txt
@@ -1569,9 +1569,9 @@ multiple times::
     in general, and doesn't depend on ``gettext``. For more information, read
     its documentation about `working with message catalogs`_.
 
-    .. _Message extracting: http://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/messages.html#message-extraction
-    .. _Babel: http://babel.pocoo.org/
-    .. _working with message catalogs: http://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/messages.html
+    .. _Message extracting: https://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/messages.html#message-extraction
+    .. _Babel: https://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/
+    .. _working with message catalogs: https://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/messages.html
 
 .. admonition:: No gettext?
 
diff --git a/docs/topics/performance.txt b/docs/topics/performance.txt
index 585102647e..526828a9f6 100644
--- a/docs/topics/performance.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/performance.txt
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ insight into your site's overall performance, including aspects that can't be
 adequately measured from within Django environment. Examples include:
 
 * `Yahoo's Yslow <http://yslow.org/>`_
-* `Google PageSpeed <https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/>`_
+* `Google PageSpeed <https://developers.google.com/speed/>`_
 
 There are also several paid-for services that perform a similar analysis,
 including some that are Django-aware and can integrate with your codebase to
@@ -378,8 +378,8 @@ adequate. However, if the bottlenecks in your Django project seem to lie in the
 template system and you have exhausted other opportunities to remedy this, a
 third-party alternative may be the answer.
 
-`Jinja2 <http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/>`_ can offer performance improvements,
-particularly when it comes to speed.
+Jinja2_ can offer performance improvements, particularly when it comes to
+speed.
 
 Alternative template systems vary in the extent to which they share Django's
 templating language.
@@ -410,15 +410,15 @@ performance gains for your application to outweigh the potential risks.
 
 With these caveats in mind, you should be aware of:
 
-`PyPy <https://pypy.org/>`_
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+`PyPy <https://www.pypy.org/>`_
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----
 
-`PyPy <https://pypy.org/>`_ is an implementation of Python in Python itself
+`PyPy <https://www.pypy.org/>`_ is an implementation of Python in Python itself
 (the 'standard' Python implementation is in C). PyPy can offer substantial
 performance gains, typically for heavyweight applications.
 
 A key aim of the PyPy project is `compatibility
-<https://pypy.org/compat.html>`_ with existing Python APIs and libraries.
+<https://www.pypy.org/compat.html>`_ with existing Python APIs and libraries.
 Django is compatible, but you will need to check the compatibility of other
 libraries you rely on.
 
@@ -428,3 +428,5 @@ C implementations of Python libraries
 Some Python libraries are also implemented in C, and can be much faster. They
 aim to offer the same APIs. Note that compatibility issues and behavior
 differences are not unknown (and not always immediately evident).
+
+.. _Jinja2: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
diff --git a/docs/topics/serialization.txt b/docs/topics/serialization.txt
index 9ef851368a..a5860bb0ba 100644
--- a/docs/topics/serialization.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/serialization.txt
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Identifier  Information
 ==========  ==============================================================
 
 .. _json: https://json.org/
-.. _jsonl: http://jsonlines.org/
+.. _jsonl: https://jsonlines.org/
 .. _PyYAML: https://pyyaml.org/
 
 XML
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ The JSON serializer uses ``DjangoJSONEncoder`` for encoding. A subclass of
 :class:`~decimal.Decimal`, ``Promise`` (``django.utils.functional.lazy()`` objects), :class:`~uuid.UUID`
    A string representation of the object.
 
-.. _ecma-262: https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.9.1.15
+.. _ecma-262: https://262.ecma-international.org/5.1/#sec-15.9.1.15
 
 .. _serialization-formats-jsonl:
 
diff --git a/docs/topics/settings.txt b/docs/topics/settings.txt
index d09ba08b10..1e5f48f50d 100644
--- a/docs/topics/settings.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/settings.txt
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The value of :envvar:`DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` should be in Python path syntax,
 e.g. ``mysite.settings``. Note that the settings module should be on the
 Python `import search path`_.
 
-.. _import search path: https://www.diveinto.org/python3/your-first-python-program.html#importsearchpath
+.. _import search path: https://diveinto.org/python3/your-first-python-program.html#importsearchpath
 
 The ``django-admin`` utility
 ----------------------------
diff --git a/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt b/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
index bef2aa42fe..ff4dcfa088 100644
--- a/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ case you do not have Firefox installed or wish to use another browser. The
 example above is just a tiny fraction of what the Selenium client can do; check
 out the `full reference`_ for more details.
 
-.. _Selenium: http://seleniumhq.org/
+.. _Selenium: https://www.selenium.dev/
 .. _selenium package: https://pypi.org/project/selenium/
 .. _full reference: https://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html
 .. _Firefox: https://www.mozilla.com/firefox/