[py3] Refactored __unicode__ to __str__.

* Renamed the __unicode__ methods
* Applied the python_2_unicode_compatible decorator
* Removed the StrAndUnicode mix-in that is superseded by
  python_2_unicode_compatible
* Kept the __unicode__ methods in classes that specifically
  test it under Python 2

110 files changed, 894 insertions, 395 deletions

diff --git a/tests/modeltests/aggregation/models.py b/tests/modeltests/aggregation/models.py
index ccc12898b7..b4f797ee03 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/aggregation/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/aggregation/models.py
@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     age = models.IntegerField()
     friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Publisher(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     num_awards = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     isbn = models.CharField(max_length=9)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -28,15 +32,16 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Store(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     books = models.ManyToManyField(Book)
     original_opening = models.DateTimeField()
     friday_night_closing = models.TimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/basic/models.py b/tests/modeltests/basic/models.py
index 06aa9cf3c3..660beddf49 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/basic/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/basic/models.py
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 This is a basic model with only two non-primary-key fields.
 """
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -14,5 +16,5 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('pub_date','headline')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/choices/models.py b/tests/modeltests/choices/models.py
index ee01911573..2fa33a9680 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/choices/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/choices/models.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ field. This method returns the "human-readable" value of the field.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 GENDER_CHOICES = (
@@ -17,9 +18,10 @@ GENDER_CHOICES = (
     ('F', 'Female'),
 )
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/custom_columns/models.py b/tests/modeltests/custom_columns/models.py
index 39f1274a8f..16f0563d6b 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/custom_columns/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/custom_columns/models.py
@@ -18,24 +18,27 @@ from the default generated name, use the ``db_table`` parameter on the
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column='firstname')
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column='last')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
     class Meta:
         db_table = 'my_author_table'
         ordering = ('last_name','first_name')
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, db_table='my_m2m_table')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/custom_managers/models.py b/tests/modeltests/custom_managers/models.py
index a9845ad414..de7c1772ed 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/custom_managers/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/custom_managers/models.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ returns.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 # An example of a custom manager called "objects".
 
@@ -19,13 +20,14 @@ class PersonManager(models.Manager):
     def get_fun_people(self):
         return self.filter(fun=True)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     fun = models.BooleanField()
     objects = PersonManager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 # An example of a custom manager that sets get_query_set().
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ class PublishedBookManager(models.Manager):
     def get_query_set(self):
         return super(PublishedBookManager, self).get_query_set().filter(is_published=True)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     author = models.CharField(max_length=30)
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     published_objects = PublishedBookManager()
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='books')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 # An example of providing multiple custom managers.
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ class FastCarManager(models.Manager):
     def get_query_set(self):
         return super(FastCarManager, self).get_query_set().filter(top_speed__gt=150)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Car(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     mileage = models.IntegerField()
@@ -57,5 +61,5 @@ class Car(models.Model):
     cars = models.Manager()
     fast_cars = FastCarManager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/custom_methods/models.py b/tests/modeltests/custom_methods/models.py
index 4e3da58851..cef3fd722b 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/custom_methods/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/custom_methods/models.py
@@ -7,13 +7,15 @@ Any method you add to a model will be available to instances.
 import datetime
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     def was_published_today(self):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/fields.py b/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/fields.py
index 68fb9dcd16..d25eeca1d5 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/fields.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/fields.py
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ import string
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class MyWrapper(object):
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ class MyWrapper(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.value)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.value
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/models.py b/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/models.py
index 8199b05a1a..5ef9b69f0c 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/custom_pk/models.py
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
 from django.db import models
 
 from .fields import MyAutoField
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Employee(models.Model):
     employee_code = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True, db_column = 'code')
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
@@ -20,22 +22,24 @@ class Employee(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('last_name', 'first_name')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Business(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, primary_key=True)
     employees = models.ManyToManyField(Employee)
     class Meta:
         verbose_name_plural = 'businesses'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Bar(models.Model):
     id = MyAutoField(primary_key=True, db_index=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return repr(self.pk)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/defer/models.py b/tests/modeltests/defer/models.py
index c64becf972..0688cbc984 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/defer/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/defer/models.py
@@ -3,18 +3,20 @@ Tests for defer() and only().
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Secondary(models.Model):
     first = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     second = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Primary(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     value = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     related = models.ForeignKey(Secondary)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Child(Primary):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/delete/models.py b/tests/modeltests/delete/models.py
index 7e7766e824..e0cec426ea 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/delete/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/delete/models.py
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class R(models.Model):
     is_default = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s" % self.pk
 
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/distinct_on_fields/models.py b/tests/modeltests/distinct_on_fields/models.py
index 33665e9624..7982f435d0 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/distinct_on_fields/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/distinct_on_fields/models.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     parent = models.ForeignKey('self', blank=True, null=True,
@@ -10,19 +12,21 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Celebrity(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField("Name", max_length=20)
     greatest_fan = models.ForeignKey("Fan", null=True, unique=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Fan(models.Model):
     fan_of = models.ForeignKey(Celebrity)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Staff(models.Model):
     id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
@@ -30,12 +34,13 @@ class Staff(models.Model):
     tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, through='StaffTag')
     coworkers = models.ManyToManyField('self')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class StaffTag(models.Model):
     staff = models.ForeignKey(Staff)
     tag = models.ForeignKey(Tag)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s -> %s" % (self.tag, self.staff)
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/expressions/models.py b/tests/modeltests/expressions/models.py
index 018a0cf795..f592a0eb13 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/expressions/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/expressions/models.py
@@ -4,15 +4,18 @@ Tests for F() query expression syntax.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Employee(models.Model):
     firstname = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     lastname = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.firstname, self.lastname)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Company(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     num_employees = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -25,5 +28,5 @@ class Company(models.Model):
         related_name='company_point_of_contact_set',
         null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/field_defaults/models.py b/tests/modeltests/field_defaults/models.py
index 18840c8b4b..c99d4871cd 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/field_defaults/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/field_defaults/models.py
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ field.
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/fields.py b/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/fields.py
index 47d710717b..6fecbb63fc 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/fields.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/fields.py
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ import json
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Small(object):
     """
     A simple class to show that non-trivial Python objects can be used as
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ class Small(object):
     def __init__(self, first, second):
         self.first, self.second = first, second
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s%s' % (force_text(self.first), force_text(self.second))
 
 class SmallField(models.Field):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/models.py b/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/models.py
index 2df9664cdc..642573cc83 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/field_subclassing/models.py
@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@ from django.db import models
 from django.utils.encoding import force_text
 
 from .fields import SmallField, SmallerField, JSONField
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class MyModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     data = SmallField('small field')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return force_text(self.name)
 
 class OtherModel(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/fixtures/models.py b/tests/modeltests/fixtures/models.py
index 586f65e60f..8bd3501926 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/fixtures/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/fixtures/models.py
@@ -12,38 +12,43 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     description = models.TextField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('title',)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Blog(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     featured = models.ForeignKey(Article, related_name='fixtures_featured_set')
     articles = models.ManyToManyField(Article, blank=True,
                                       related_name='fixtures_articles_set')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     tagged_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, related_name="fixtures_tag_set")
@@ -51,7 +56,7 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
     tagged = generic.GenericForeignKey(ct_field='tagged_type',
                                        fk_field='tagged_id')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '<%s: %s> tagged "%s"' % (self.tagged.__class__.__name__,
                                          self.tagged, self.name)
 
@@ -59,10 +64,11 @@ class PersonManager(models.Manager):
     def get_by_natural_key(self, name):
         return self.get(name=name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     objects = PersonManager()
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
@@ -79,19 +85,21 @@ class Spy(Person):
     objects = SpyManager()
     cover_blown = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Visa(models.Model):
     person = models.ForeignKey(Person)
     permissions = models.ManyToManyField(Permission, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.person.name,
                           ', '.join(p.name for p in self.permissions.all()))
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Person)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         authors = ' and '.join(a.name for a in self.authors.all())
         return '%s by %s' % (self.name, authors) if authors else self.name
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py b/tests/modeltests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py
index d309165e9c..deeba48aa9 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/generic_relations/models.py b/tests/modeltests/generic_relations/models.py
index f2dcf7db24..2f025e660b 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/generic_relations/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/generic_relations/models.py
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     """A tag on an item."""
     tag = models.SlugField()
@@ -27,12 +29,13 @@ class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ["tag", "content_type__name"]
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.tag
 
 class ValuableTaggedItem(TaggedItem):
     value = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Comparison(models.Model):
     """
     A model that tests having multiple GenericForeignKeys
@@ -48,9 +51,10 @@ class Comparison(models.Model):
     first_obj = generic.GenericForeignKey(ct_field="content_type1", fk_field="object_id1")
     other_obj = generic.GenericForeignKey(ct_field="content_type2", fk_field="object_id2")
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is %s than %s" % (self.first_obj, self.comparative, self.other_obj)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Animal(models.Model):
     common_name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     latin_name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
@@ -60,25 +64,27 @@ class Animal(models.Model):
                                           object_id_field="object_id1",
                                           content_type_field="content_type1")
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.common_name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Vegetable(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     is_yucky = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
     tags = generic.GenericRelation(TaggedItem)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Mineral(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     hardness = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
 
     # note the lack of an explicit GenericRelation here...
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class GeckoManager(models.Manager):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/get_latest/models.py b/tests/modeltests/get_latest/models.py
index d8a690f48c..fe594dd802 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/get_latest/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/get_latest/models.py
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ farthest into the future."
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
@@ -18,14 +20,15 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         get_latest_by = 'pub_date'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     birthday = models.DateField()
 
     # Note that this model doesn't have "get_latest_by" set.
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/get_object_or_404/models.py b/tests/modeltests/get_object_or_404/models.py
index f0c73ed94a..bda060569e 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/get_object_or_404/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/get_object_or_404/models.py
@@ -11,23 +11,26 @@ performing a ``filter()`` lookup and raising a ``Http404`` exception if a
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class ArticleManager(models.Manager):
     def get_query_set(self):
         return super(ArticleManager, self).get_query_set().filter(authors__name__icontains='sir')
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     objects = models.Manager()
     by_a_sir = ArticleManager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/get_or_create/models.py b/tests/modeltests/get_or_create/models.py
index 78b92f09df..678f5a401c 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/get_or_create/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/get_or_create/models.py
@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ parameters.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     birthday = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 class ManualPrimaryKeyTest(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/lookup/models.py b/tests/modeltests/lookup/models.py
index b685750347..f388ddf403 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/lookup/models.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name', )
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 class Tag(models.Model):
@@ -31,24 +33,27 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name', )
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Season(models.Model):
     year = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
     gt = models.IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.year)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Game(models.Model):
     season = models.ForeignKey(Season, related_name='games')
     home = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     away = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s at %s" % (self.away, self.home)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Player(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     games = models.ManyToManyField(Game, related_name='players')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
index 92ed3fbcd9..99c7b01017 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class User(models.Model):
     username = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Issue(models.Model):
     num = models.IntegerField()
     cc = models.ManyToManyField(User, blank=True, related_name='test_issue_cc')
     client = models.ForeignKey(User, related_name='test_issue_client')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.num)
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2m_intermediary/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2m_intermediary/models.py
index 85786e8458..e9ae422afb 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2m_intermediary/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2m_intermediary/models.py
@@ -12,27 +12,31 @@ field, which specifies the ``Reporter``'s position for the given article
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reporter(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Writer(models.Model):
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
     article = models.ForeignKey(Article)
     position = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s (%s)' % (self.reporter, self.position)
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2m_multiple/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2m_multiple/models.py
index 3efe7108b9..c2e3b030a4 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2m_multiple/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2m_multiple/models.py
@@ -8,16 +8,19 @@ Set ``related_name`` to designate what the reverse relationship is called.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     class Meta:
        ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -26,6 +29,6 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
        ordering = ('pub_date',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2m_recursive/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2m_recursive/models.py
index 83c943ae60..b69930208c 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2m_recursive/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2m_recursive/models.py
@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@ appropriate.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     friends = models.ManyToManyField('self')
     idols = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=False, related_name='stalkers')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2m_signals/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2m_signals/models.py
index 526c4a782e..e997d87f21 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2m_signals/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2m_signals/models.py
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Part(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Car(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     default_parts = models.ManyToManyField(Part)
@@ -18,12 +21,13 @@ class Car(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class SportsCar(Car):
     price = models.IntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     fans = models.ManyToManyField('self', related_name='idols', symmetrical=False)
@@ -32,5 +36,5 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2m_through/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2m_through/models.py
index aa71a049cb..a896f6d9ff 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2m_through/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2m_through/models.py
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 # M2M described on one of the models
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
     members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership')
@@ -22,9 +25,10 @@ class Group(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Membership(models.Model):
     person = models.ForeignKey(Person)
     group = models.ForeignKey(Group)
@@ -34,16 +38,17 @@ class Membership(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('date_joined', 'invite_reason', 'group')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is a member of %s" % (self.person.name, self.group.name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CustomMembership(models.Model):
     person = models.ForeignKey(Person, db_column="custom_person_column", related_name="custom_person_related_name")
     group = models.ForeignKey(Group)
     weird_fk = models.ForeignKey(Membership, null=True)
     date_joined = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is a member of %s" % (self.person.name, self.group.name)
 
     class Meta:
@@ -54,11 +59,12 @@ class TestNoDefaultsOrNulls(models.Model):
     group = models.ForeignKey(Group)
     nodefaultnonull = models.CharField(max_length=5)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class PersonSelfRefM2M(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
     friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through="Friendship", symmetrical=False)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Friendship(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/m2o_recursive/models.py b/tests/modeltests/m2o_recursive/models.py
index c0a4bdeec2..2775d713dd 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/m2o_recursive/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/m2o_recursive/models.py
@@ -11,19 +11,22 @@ Set ``related_name`` to designate what the reverse relationship is called.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     parent = models.ForeignKey('self', blank=True, null=True, related_name='child_set')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     full_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     mother = models.ForeignKey('self', null=True, related_name='mothers_child_set')
     father = models.ForeignKey('self', null=True, related_name='fathers_child_set')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.full_name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/many_to_many/models.py b/tests/modeltests/many_to_many/models.py
index 5076e35653..a196c85092 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/many_to_many/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/many_to_many/models.py
@@ -8,22 +8,25 @@ objects, and a ``Publication`` has multiple ``Article`` objects.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Publication(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('title',)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/many_to_one/models.py b/tests/modeltests/many_to_one/models.py
index 0d2688e8a4..4e2ed67eea 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/many_to_one/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/many_to_one/models.py
@@ -6,22 +6,25 @@ To define a many-to-one relationship, use ``ForeignKey()``.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reporter(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     email = models.EmailField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/many_to_one_null/models.py b/tests/modeltests/many_to_one_null/models.py
index be7e650c65..e00ca85928 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/many_to_one_null/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/many_to_one_null/models.py
@@ -6,14 +6,17 @@ To define a many-to-one relationship that can have a null foreign key, use
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reporter(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, null=True)
@@ -21,5 +24,5 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('headline',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/model_forms/models.py b/tests/modeltests/model_forms/models.py
index 8942b21f73..f4bdcad4af 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/model_forms/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/model_forms/models.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import tempfile
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 temp_storage_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=os.environ['DJANGO_TEST_TEMP_DIR'])
@@ -31,23 +32,26 @@ ARTICLE_STATUS_CHAR = (
     ('l', 'Live'),
 )
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     slug = models.SlugField(max_length=20)
     url = models.CharField('The URL', max_length=40)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Writer(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, help_text='Use both first and last names.')
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     slug = models.SlugField()
@@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
             self.created = datetime.date.today()
         return super(Article, self).save()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 class ImprovedArticle(models.Model):
@@ -76,26 +80,29 @@ class ImprovedArticleWithParentLink(models.Model):
 class BetterWriter(Writer):
     score = models.IntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class WriterProfile(models.Model):
     writer = models.OneToOneField(Writer, primary_key=True)
     age = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is %s" % (self.writer, self.age)
 
 from django.contrib.localflavor.us.models import PhoneNumberField
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class PhoneNumber(models.Model):
     phone = PhoneNumberField()
     description = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.phone
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class TextFile(models.Model):
     description = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     file = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests', max_length=15)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.description
 
 try:
@@ -110,6 +117,7 @@ try:
 
     test_images = True
 
+    @python_2_unicode_compatible
     class ImageFile(models.Model):
         def custom_upload_path(self, filename):
             path = self.path or 'tests'
@@ -125,9 +133,10 @@ try:
                                   width_field='width', height_field='height')
         path = models.CharField(max_length=16, blank=True, default='')
 
-        def __unicode__(self):
+        def __str__(self):
             return self.description
 
+    @python_2_unicode_compatible
     class OptionalImageFile(models.Model):
         def custom_upload_path(self, filename):
             path = self.path or 'tests'
@@ -141,28 +150,31 @@ try:
         height = models.IntegerField(editable=False, null=True)
         path = models.CharField(max_length=16, blank=True, default='')
 
-        def __unicode__(self):
+        def __str__(self):
             return self.description
 except ImportError:
     test_images = False
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CommaSeparatedInteger(models.Model):
     field = models.CommaSeparatedIntegerField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.field
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Product(models.Model):
     slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.slug
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Price(models.Model):
     price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
     quantity = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s for %s" % (self.quantity, self.price)
 
     class Meta:
@@ -171,6 +183,7 @@ class Price(models.Model):
 class ArticleStatus(models.Model):
     status = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=ARTICLE_STATUS_CHAR, blank=True, null=True)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Inventory(models.Model):
     barcode = models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)
     parent = models.ForeignKey('self', to_field='barcode', blank=True, null=True)
@@ -179,7 +192,7 @@ class Inventory(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -202,31 +215,34 @@ class BookXtra(models.Model):
 class DerivedBook(Book, BookXtra):
     pass
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ExplicitPK(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=20, primary_key=True)
     desc = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True, unique=True)
     class Meta:
         unique_together = ('key', 'desc')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.key
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
     slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
     subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class DerivedPost(Post):
     pass
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class BigInt(models.Model):
     biggie = models.BigIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.biggie)
 
 class MarkupField(models.CharField):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/model_formsets/models.py b/tests/modeltests/model_formsets/models.py
index a01a2da0fa..ae152448ab 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/model_formsets/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/model_formsets/models.py
@@ -4,20 +4,23 @@ import datetime
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class BetterAuthor(Author):
     write_speed = models.IntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
@@ -28,20 +31,22 @@ class Book(models.Model):
         )
         ordering = ['id']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class BookWithCustomPK(models.Model):
     my_pk = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=0, primary_key=True)
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s: %s' % (self.my_pk, self.title)
 
 class Editor(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class BookWithOptionalAltEditor(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
     # Optional secondary author
@@ -53,21 +58,23 @@ class BookWithOptionalAltEditor(models.Model):
             ('author', 'title', 'alt_editor'),
         )
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class AlternateBook(Book):
     notes = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s - %s' % (self.title, self.notes)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class AuthorMeeting(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
     created = models.DateField(editable=False)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class CustomPrimaryKey(models.Model):
@@ -77,19 +84,21 @@ class CustomPrimaryKey(models.Model):
 
 # models for inheritance tests.
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     city = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Owner(models.Model):
     auto_id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     place = models.ForeignKey(Place)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s at %s" % (self.name, self.place)
 
 class Location(models.Model):
@@ -98,30 +107,34 @@ class Location(models.Model):
     lat = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     lon = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class OwnerProfile(models.Model):
     owner = models.OneToOneField(Owner, primary_key=True)
     age = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is %d" % (self.owner.name, self.age)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(Place):
     serves_pizza = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Product(models.Model):
     slug = models.SlugField(unique=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.slug
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Price(models.Model):
     price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
     quantity = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s for %s" % (self.quantity, self.price)
 
     class Meta:
@@ -136,12 +149,14 @@ class ClassyMexicanRestaurant(MexicanRestaurant):
 
 # models for testing unique_together validation when a fk is involved and
 # using inlineformset_factory.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Repository(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Revision(models.Model):
     repository = models.ForeignKey(Repository)
     revision = models.CharField(max_length=40)
@@ -149,7 +164,7 @@ class Revision(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         unique_together = (("repository", "revision"),)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s (%s)" % (self.revision, six.text_type(self.repository))
 
 # models for testing callable defaults (see bug #7975). If you define a model
@@ -167,32 +182,36 @@ class Membership(models.Model):
 class Team(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Player(models.Model):
     team = models.ForeignKey(Team, null=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # Models for testing custom ModelForm save methods in formsets and inline formsets
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Poet(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Poem(models.Model):
     poet = models.ForeignKey(Poet)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
     slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
     subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance/models.py b/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance/models.py
index 37ca603021..2101f394f7 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance/models.py
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ Both styles are demonstrated here.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 #
 # Abstract base classes
 #
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CommonInfo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     age = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ class CommonInfo(models.Model):
         abstract = True
         ordering = ['name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
 
 class Worker(CommonInfo):
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ class StudentWorker(Student, Worker):
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Attachment(models.Model):
     post = models.ForeignKey(Post, related_name='attached_%(class)s_set')
     content = models.TextField()
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ class Attachment(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.content
 
 class Comment(Attachment):
@@ -69,17 +72,19 @@ class Link(Attachment):
 # Multi-table inheritance
 #
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Chef(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the chef" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     address = models.CharField(max_length=80)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the place" % self.name
 
 class Rating(models.Model):
@@ -89,6 +94,7 @@ class Rating(models.Model):
         abstract = True
         ordering = ['-rating']
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(Place, Rating):
     serves_hot_dogs = models.BooleanField()
     serves_pizza = models.BooleanField()
@@ -97,27 +103,30 @@ class Restaurant(Place, Rating):
     class Meta(Rating.Meta):
         db_table = 'my_restaurant'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the restaurant" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ItalianRestaurant(Restaurant):
     serves_gnocchi = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the italian restaurant" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Supplier(Place):
     customers = models.ManyToManyField(Restaurant, related_name='provider')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the supplier" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ParkingLot(Place):
     # An explicit link to the parent (we can control the attribute name).
     parent = models.OneToOneField(Place, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
     main_site = models.ForeignKey(Place, related_name='lot')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the parking lot" % self.name
 
 #
@@ -139,10 +148,11 @@ class NamedURL(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Copy(NamedURL):
     content = models.TextField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.content
 
 class Mixin(object):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance_same_model_name/models.py b/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance_same_model_name/models.py
index de7541694a..801724df18 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance_same_model_name/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/model_inheritance_same_model_name/models.py
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import
 from django.db import models
 
 from ..model_inheritance.models import NamedURL
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 #
 # Abstract base classes with related models
 #
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Copy(NamedURL):
     content = models.TextField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.content
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/one_to_one/models.py b/tests/modeltests/one_to_one/models.py
index 8c6d56a795..9599496cb7 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/one_to_one/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/one_to_one/models.py
@@ -8,28 +8,32 @@ In this example, a ``Place`` optionally can be a ``Restaurant``.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     address = models.CharField(max_length=80)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the place" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(models.Model):
     place = models.OneToOneField(Place, primary_key=True)
     serves_hot_dogs = models.BooleanField()
     serves_pizza = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the restaurant" % self.place.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Waiter(models.Model):
     restaurant = models.ForeignKey(Restaurant)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the waiter at %s" % (self.name, self.restaurant)
 
 class ManualPrimaryKey(models.Model):
@@ -40,10 +44,11 @@ class RelatedModel(models.Model):
     link = models.OneToOneField(ManualPrimaryKey)
     name = models.CharField(max_length = 50)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class MultiModel(models.Model):
     link1 = models.OneToOneField(Place)
     link2 = models.OneToOneField(ManualPrimaryKey)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Multimodel %s" % self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/or_lookups/models.py b/tests/modeltests/or_lookups/models.py
index 0037b41afb..f146b2e72d 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/or_lookups/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/or_lookups/models.py
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ clauses using the variable ``django.db.models.Q`` (or any object with an
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -19,5 +21,5 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
        ordering = ('pub_date',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/order_with_respect_to/models.py b/tests/modeltests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
index a4e20c2fe0..06bb56b141 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ Tests for the order_with_respect_to Meta attribute.
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Question(models.Model):
     text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Answer(models.Model):
     text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     question = models.ForeignKey(Question)
@@ -16,9 +18,10 @@ class Answer(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         order_with_respect_to = 'question'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.text)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     parent = models.ForeignKey("self", related_name="children", null=True)
@@ -26,5 +29,5 @@ class Post(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         order_with_respect_to = "parent"
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/ordering/models.py b/tests/modeltests/ordering/models.py
index bfb4b97107..67126e1bda 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/ordering/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/ordering/models.py
@@ -14,22 +14,25 @@ undefined -- not random, just undefined.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ArticlePKOrdering(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('-pk',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/pagination/models.py b/tests/modeltests/pagination/models.py
index 48484dd59b..779d3029ba 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/pagination/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/pagination/models.py
@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@ objects into easily readable pages.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/prefetch_related/models.py b/tests/modeltests/prefetch_related/models.py
index 589f78c7d3..85488f0879 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/prefetch_related/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/prefetch_related/models.py
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 ## Basic tests
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
     first_book = models.ForeignKey('Book', related_name='first_time_authors')
     favorite_authors = models.ManyToManyField(
         'self', through='FavoriteAuthors', symmetrical=False, related_name='favors_me')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ class FavoriteAuthors(models.Model):
          ordering = ['id']
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class AuthorAddress(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author, to_field='name', related_name='addresses')
     address = models.TextField()
@@ -37,15 +40,16 @@ class AuthorAddress(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['id']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.address
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name='books')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     class Meta:
@@ -58,11 +62,12 @@ class BookWithYear(Book):
         AuthorWithAge, related_name='books_with_year')
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reader(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     books_read = models.ManyToManyField(Book, related_name='read_by')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
@@ -86,13 +91,14 @@ class TeacherManager(models.Manager):
         return super(TeacherManager, self).get_query_set().prefetch_related('qualifications')
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Teacher(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     qualifications = models.ManyToManyField(Qualification)
 
     objects = TeacherManager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s (%s)" % (self.name, ", ".join(q.name for q in self.qualifications.all()))
 
     class Meta:
@@ -109,6 +115,7 @@ class Department(models.Model):
 
 ## GenericRelation/GenericForeignKey tests
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     tag = models.SlugField()
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, related_name="taggeditem_set2")
@@ -119,7 +126,7 @@ class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     created_by_fkey = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True)
     created_by = generic.GenericForeignKey('created_by_ct', 'created_by_fkey',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.tag
 
 
@@ -169,12 +176,13 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 ## Models for nullable FK tests
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Employee(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     boss = models.ForeignKey('self', null=True,
                              related_name='serfs')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/proxy_models/models.py b/tests/modeltests/proxy_models/models.py
index 49fd87deff..6c962aadc8 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/proxy_models/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/proxy_models/models.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ than using a new table of their own. This allows them to act as simple proxies,
 providing a modified interface to the data from the base class.
 """
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 # A couple of managers for testing managing overriding in proxy model cases.
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ class SubManager(models.Manager):
     def get_query_set(self):
         return super(SubManager, self).get_query_set().exclude(name="wilma")
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     """
     A simple concrete base class.
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
     objects = PersonManager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Abstract(models.Model):
@@ -82,10 +84,11 @@ class MyPersonProxy(MyPerson):
 class LowerStatusPerson(MyPersonProxy):
     status = models.CharField(max_length=80)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class User(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class UserProxy(User):
@@ -100,11 +103,12 @@ class UserProxyProxy(UserProxy):
 class Country(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class State(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     country = models.ForeignKey(Country)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class StateProxy(State):
@@ -124,11 +128,12 @@ class ProxyTrackerUser(TrackerUser):
         proxy = True
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Issue(models.Model):
     summary = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     assignee = models.ForeignKey(TrackerUser)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return ':'.join((self.__class__.__name__,self.summary,))
 
 class Bug(Issue):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/reserved_names/models.py b/tests/modeltests/reserved_names/models.py
index 010649e681..8e942b20e8 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/reserved_names/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/reserved_names/models.py
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ reserved-name usage.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Thing(models.Model):
     when = models.CharField(max_length=1, primary_key=True)
     join = models.CharField(max_length=1)
@@ -22,5 +24,5 @@ class Thing(models.Model):
     class Meta:
        db_table = 'select'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
-        return self.when
\ No newline at end of file
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.when
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/reverse_lookup/models.py b/tests/modeltests/reverse_lookup/models.py
index bb7a163327..ed58177770 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/reverse_lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/reverse_lookup/models.py
@@ -5,25 +5,29 @@ This demonstrates the reverse lookup features of the database API.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class User(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Poll(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     creator = models.ForeignKey(User)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.question
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Choice(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, related_name="poll_choice")
     related_poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, related_name="related_choice")
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/save_delete_hooks/models.py b/tests/modeltests/save_delete_hooks/models.py
index bae60e4b86..a6e1abfb77 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/save_delete_hooks/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/save_delete_hooks/models.py
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ the methods.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
         super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.data = []
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
     def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/select_related/models.py b/tests/modeltests/select_related/models.py
index 3c2e7721fd..ec41957adf 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/select_related/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/select_related/models.py
@@ -8,52 +8,61 @@ the select-related behavior will traverse.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 # Who remembers high school biology?
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Domain(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Kingdom(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     domain = models.ForeignKey(Domain)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Phylum(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     kingdom = models.ForeignKey(Kingdom)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Klass(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     phylum = models.ForeignKey(Phylum)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Order(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     klass = models.ForeignKey(Klass)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Family(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     order = models.ForeignKey(Order)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Genus(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     family = models.ForeignKey(Family)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Species(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     genus = models.ForeignKey(Genus)
-    def __unicode__(self):
-        return self.name
\ No newline at end of file
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.name
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/serializers/models.py b/tests/modeltests/serializers/models.py
index ebae7605b4..290478607b 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/serializers/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/serializers/models.py
@@ -11,28 +11,32 @@ from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
        ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=50)
@@ -42,28 +46,31 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     class Meta:
        ordering = ('pub_date',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class AuthorProfile(models.Model):
     author = models.OneToOneField(Author, primary_key=True)
     date_of_birth = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Profile of %s" % self.author
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Actor(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, primary_key=True)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Movie(models.Model):
     actor = models.ForeignKey(Actor)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
@@ -72,7 +79,7 @@ class Movie(models.Model):
     class Meta:
        ordering = ('title',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
@@ -80,11 +87,12 @@ class Score(models.Model):
     score = models.FloatField()
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Team(object):
     def __init__(self, title):
         self.title = title
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         raise NotImplementedError("Not so simple")
 
     def to_string(self):
@@ -109,10 +117,11 @@ class TeamField(models.CharField):
         return self._get_val_from_obj(obj).to_string()
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Player(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     rank = models.IntegerField()
     team = TeamField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s (%d) playing for %s' % (self.name, self.rank, self.team.to_string())
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/signals/models.py b/tests/modeltests/signals/models.py
index 18ca467655..e54a22fce9 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/signals/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/signals/models.py
@@ -4,18 +4,21 @@ Testing signals before/after saving and deleting.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Car(models.Model):
     make = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     model = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.make, self.model)
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/str/models.py b/tests/modeltests/str/models.py
index 6f6b877c88..488012e861 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/str/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/str/models.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ if you prefer. You must be careful to encode the results correctly, though.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
@@ -26,9 +27,10 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         # in ASCII.
         return self.headline
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class InternationalArticle(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
-        return self.headline
\ No newline at end of file
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/transactions/models.py b/tests/modeltests/transactions/models.py
index 7a51b9ac1c..0f8d6b16ec 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/transactions/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/transactions/models.py
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ manually.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reporter(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
@@ -19,5 +21,5 @@ class Reporter(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('first_name', 'last_name')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/unmanaged_models/models.py b/tests/modeltests/unmanaged_models/models.py
index 00303cf17a..0eef69977c 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/unmanaged_models/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/unmanaged_models/models.py
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ is generated for the table on various manage.py operations.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 #  All of these models are created in the database by Django.
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class A01(models.Model):
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
     f_b = models.IntegerField()
@@ -14,9 +16,10 @@ class A01(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         db_table = 'a01'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.f_a
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class B01(models.Model):
     fk_a = models.ForeignKey(A01)
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
@@ -27,9 +30,10 @@ class B01(models.Model):
         # 'managed' is True by default. This tests we can set it explicitly.
         managed = True
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.f_a
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class C01(models.Model):
     mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A01, db_table='d01')
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
@@ -38,13 +42,14 @@ class C01(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         db_table = 'c01'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.f_a
 
 # All of these models use the same tables as the previous set (they are shadows
 # of possibly a subset of the columns). There should be no creation errors,
 # since we have told Django they aren't managed by Django.
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class A02(models.Model):
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
 
@@ -52,9 +57,10 @@ class A02(models.Model):
         db_table = 'a01'
         managed = False
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.f_a
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class B02(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         db_table = 'b01'
@@ -64,11 +70,12 @@ class B02(models.Model):
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
     f_b = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.f_a
 
 # To re-use the many-to-many intermediate table, we need to manually set up
 # things up.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class C02(models.Model):
     mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A02, through="Intermediate")
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
@@ -78,7 +85,7 @@ class C02(models.Model):
         db_table = 'c01'
         managed = False
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.f_a
 
 class Intermediate(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/update/models.py b/tests/modeltests/update/models.py
index b93e4a7aae..08472d98b1 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/update/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/update/models.py
@@ -5,21 +5,24 @@ updates.
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class DataPoint(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     value = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     another_value = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class RelatedPoint(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     data = models.ForeignKey(DataPoint)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.name)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/update_only_fields/models.py b/tests/modeltests/update_only_fields/models.py
index 968dba9916..01184f715b 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/update_only_fields/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/update_only_fields/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 GENDER_CHOICES = (
     ('M', 'Male'),
@@ -10,11 +11,12 @@ class Account(models.Model):
     num = models.IntegerField()
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
@@ -24,11 +26,12 @@ class Employee(Person):
     accounts = models.ManyToManyField('Account', related_name='employees', blank=True, null=True)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Profile(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     salary = models.FloatField(default=1000.0)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
diff --git a/tests/modeltests/validation/models.py b/tests/modeltests/validation/models.py
index 26fff4b863..dcd9ced52c 100644
--- a/tests/modeltests/validation/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeltests/validation/models.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 def validate_answer_to_universe(value):
@@ -66,13 +67,14 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         if self.pub_date is None:
             self.pub_date = datetime.now()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
     slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
     subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class FlexibleDatePost(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_changelist/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_changelist/models.py
index 487db50689..4ba2f9c503 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_changelist/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_changelist/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 class Event(models.Model):
     # Oracle can have problems with a column named "date"
@@ -20,17 +21,19 @@ class Band(models.Model):
     nr_of_members = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     genres = models.ManyToManyField(Genre)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Musician(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     members = models.ManyToManyField(Musician, through='Membership')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Membership(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_custom_urls/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_custom_urls/models.py
index facb4b52e7..4bc9ce561e 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_custom_urls/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_custom_urls/models.py
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ from functools import update_wrapper
 
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Action(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, primary_key=True)
     description = models.CharField(max_length=70)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_filters/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_filters/models.py
index 371c67061f..e0b8bde2de 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_filters/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_filters/models.py
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     year = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)
@@ -13,20 +15,22 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     date_registered = models.DateField(null=True)
     no = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='number', blank=True, null=True) # This field is intentionally 2 characters long. See #16080.
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Department(models.Model):
     code = models.CharField(max_length=4, unique=True)
     description = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=True, null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.description
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Employee(models.Model):
     department = models.ForeignKey(Department, to_field="code")
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_inlines/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_inlines/models.py
index 5a0f4d84b9..5b703a7481 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_inlines/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_inlines/models.py
@@ -7,22 +7,26 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.db import models
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Teacher(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     teacher = models.ForeignKey(Teacher)
@@ -31,7 +35,7 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     parent = generic.GenericForeignKey()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'I am %s, a child of %s' % (self.name, self.parent)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_scripts/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_scripts/models.py
index da803d0174..cd96052098 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_scripts/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_scripts/models.py
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_util/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_util/models.py
index 5541097022..b3504a1fa4 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_util/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_util/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
@@ -18,11 +19,12 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         return "nothing"
     test_from_model_with_override.short_description = "not What you Expect"
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Count(models.Model):
     num = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
     parent = models.ForeignKey('self', null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.num)
 
 class Event(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_validation/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_validation/models.py
index 5e080a9232..d23849a2a8 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_validation/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_validation/models.py
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ Tests of ModelAdmin validation logic.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Album(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Song(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     album = models.ForeignKey(Album)
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class Song(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('title',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     def readonly_method_on_model(self):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_views/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_views/models.py
index aee193b572..0d5e327ecf 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_views/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_views/models.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Section(models.Model):
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ class Section(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     """
     A simple article to test admin views. Test backwards compatibility.
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     date = models.DateTimeField()
     section = models.ForeignKey(Section, null=True, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     def model_year(self):
@@ -38,30 +40,33 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     model_year.short_description = ''
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     """
     A simple book that has chapters.
     """
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Promo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Chapter(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Title?')
     content = models.TextField()
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     class Meta:
@@ -69,19 +74,21 @@ class Chapter(models.Model):
         verbose_name = '¿Chapter?'
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ChapterXtra1(models.Model):
     chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
     xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '¿Xtra1: %s' % self.xtra
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ChapterXtra2(models.Model):
     chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
     xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '¿Xtra2: %s' % self.xtra
 
 
@@ -94,20 +101,22 @@ class CustomArticle(models.Model):
     date = models.DateTimeField()
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(models.Model):
     string_pk = models.CharField(max_length=255, primary_key=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.string_pk
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
         return '/dummy/%s/' % self.string_pk
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Color(models.Model):
     value = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     warm = models.BooleanField()
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.value
 
 # we replicate Color to register with another ModelAdmin
@@ -115,29 +124,33 @@ class Color2(Color):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Thing(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     color = models.ForeignKey(Color, limit_choices_to={'warm': True})
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Actor(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     age = models.IntegerField()
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Inquisition(models.Model):
     expected = models.BooleanField()
     leader = models.ForeignKey(Actor)
     country = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "by %s from %s" % (self.leader, self.country)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Sketch(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     inquisition = models.ForeignKey(Inquisition, limit_choices_to={'leader__name': 'Palin',
@@ -145,7 +158,7 @@ class Sketch(models.Model):
                                                                    'expected': False,
                                                                    })
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
@@ -161,6 +174,7 @@ class Fabric(models.Model):
     surface = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=NG_CHOICES)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     GENDER_CHOICES = (
         (1, "Male"),
@@ -171,20 +185,22 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     age = models.IntegerField(default=21)
     alive = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Persona(models.Model):
     """
     A simple persona associated with accounts, to test inlining of related
     accounts which inherit from a common accounts class.
     """
     name = models.CharField(blank=False,  max_length=80)
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Account(models.Model):
     """
     A simple, generic account encapsulating the information shared by all
@@ -194,7 +210,7 @@ class Account(models.Model):
     persona = models.ForeignKey(Persona, related_name="accounts")
     servicename = 'generic service'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s: %s" % (self.servicename, self.username)
 
 
@@ -208,11 +224,12 @@ class BarAccount(Account):
     servicename = 'bar'
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Subscriber(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
     email = models.EmailField(blank=False, max_length=175)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s (%s)" % (self.name, self.email)
 
 
@@ -249,8 +266,9 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class EmptyModel(models.Model):
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Primary key = %s" % self.id
 
 
@@ -332,6 +350,7 @@ class FancyDoodad(Doodad):
     expensive = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     collector = models.ForeignKey(Collector)
     order = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -339,7 +358,7 @@ class Category(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('order',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s:o%s' % (self.id, self.order)
 
 
@@ -376,17 +395,19 @@ class Post(models.Model):
         return "Very awesome."
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Gadget(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Villain(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
@@ -394,6 +415,7 @@ class SuperVillain(Villain):
     pass
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class FunkyTag(models.Model):
     "Because we all know there's only one real use case for GFKs."
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
@@ -401,59 +423,65 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Plot(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, related_name='lead_plots')
     contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, related_name='contact_plots')
     tags = generic.GenericRelation(FunkyTag)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class PlotDetails(models.Model):
     details = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     plot = models.OneToOneField(Plot)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.details
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SecretHideout(models.Model):
     """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     villain = models.ForeignKey(Villain)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.location
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
     """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     supervillain = models.ForeignKey(SuperVillain)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.location
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CyclicOne(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
     two = models.ForeignKey('CyclicTwo')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CyclicTwo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
     one = models.ForeignKey(CyclicOne)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
@@ -484,11 +512,12 @@ class Question(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Answer(models.Model):
     question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.PROTECT)
     answer = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.answer
 
 
@@ -523,11 +552,12 @@ class Paper(models.Model):
     author = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True, null=True)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CoverLetter(models.Model):
     author = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     date_written = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.author
 
 
@@ -575,10 +605,11 @@ class AdminOrderedCallable(models.Model):
     order = models.IntegerField()
     stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Report(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/admin_widgets/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/admin_widgets/models.py
index 81a4ec7aba..2e452798b7 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/admin_widgets/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/admin_widgets/models.py
@@ -2,39 +2,44 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class MyFileField(models.FileField):
     pass
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Member(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     birthdate = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
     gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, blank=True, choices=[('M','Male'), ('F', 'Female')])
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Band(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     members = models.ManyToManyField(Member)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Album(models.Model):
     band = models.ForeignKey(Band)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     cover_art = models.FileField(upload_to='albums')
     backside_art = MyFileField(upload_to='albums_back', null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class HiddenInventoryManager(models.Manager):
     def get_query_set(self):
         return super(HiddenInventoryManager, self).get_query_set().filter(hidden=False)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Inventory(models.Model):
    barcode = models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)
    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', to_field='barcode', blank=True, null=True)
@@ -45,7 +50,7 @@ class Inventory(models.Model):
    default_manager = models.Manager()
    objects = HiddenInventoryManager()
 
-   def __unicode__(self):
+   def __str__(self):
       return self.name
 
 class Event(models.Model):
@@ -56,12 +61,13 @@ class Event(models.Model):
     link = models.URLField(blank=True)
     min_age = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Car(models.Model):
     owner = models.ForeignKey(User)
     make = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     model = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.make, self.model)
 
 class CarTire(models.Model):
@@ -103,19 +109,21 @@ class Advisor(models.Model):
     companies = models.ManyToManyField(Company)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Student(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class School(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     students = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name='current_schools')
     alumni = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name='previous_schools')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
-        return self.name
\ No newline at end of file
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/aggregation_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/aggregation_regress/models.py
index ccef9a5fc8..dd4ff50aec 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/aggregation_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/aggregation_regress/models.py
@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     age = models.IntegerField()
     friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Publisher(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     num_awards = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     isbn = models.CharField(max_length=9)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -33,17 +37,18 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Store(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     books = models.ManyToManyField(Book)
     original_opening = models.DateTimeField()
     friday_night_closing = models.TimeField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Entries(models.Model):
@@ -58,8 +63,9 @@ class Clues(models.Model):
     Clue = models.CharField(max_length=150)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class HardbackBook(Book):
     weight = models.FloatField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s (hardback): %s" % (self.name, self.weight)
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/backends/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/backends/models.py
index af4952dce8..344cf4c798 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/backends/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/backends/models.py
@@ -3,21 +3,24 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models, connection
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Square(models.Model):
     root = models.IntegerField()
     square = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s ** 2 == %s" % (self.root, self.square)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 
@@ -55,18 +58,20 @@ class Post(models.Model):
         db_table = 'CaseSensitive_Post'
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reporter(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/comment_tests/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/comment_tests/models.py
index 7e16e48419..472b66decd 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/comment_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/comment_tests/models.py
@@ -6,29 +6,33 @@ more information.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Entry(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=250)
     body = models.TextField()
     pub_date = models.DateField()
     enable_comments = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 class Book(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/custom_columns_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/custom_columns_regress/models.py
index c768c12772..169b2246c3 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/custom_columns_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/custom_columns_regress/models.py
@@ -8,26 +8,29 @@ table creation or queries.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     Article_ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='Article ID')
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField('Author', db_table='my m2m table')
     primary_author = models.ForeignKey('Author', db_column='Author ID', related_name='primary_set')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('headline',)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     Author_ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='Author ID')
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column='first name')
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column='last name')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/custom_managers_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/custom_managers_regress/models.py
index 3c4e621769..71073f0fe7 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/custom_managers_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/custom_managers_regress/models.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Regression tests for custom manager classes.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class RestrictedManager(models.Manager):
@@ -12,12 +13,14 @@ class RestrictedManager(models.Manager):
     def get_query_set(self):
         return super(RestrictedManager, self).get_query_set().filter(is_public=True)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class RelatedModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class RestrictedModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     is_public = models.BooleanField(default=False)
@@ -26,9 +29,10 @@ class RestrictedModel(models.Model):
     objects = RestrictedManager()
     plain_manager = models.Manager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class OneToOneRestrictedModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     is_public = models.BooleanField(default=False)
@@ -37,5 +41,5 @@ class OneToOneRestrictedModel(models.Model):
     objects = RestrictedManager()
     plain_manager = models.Manager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/datatypes/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/datatypes/models.py
index d220d0893a..8e6027dd0f 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/datatypes/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/datatypes/models.py
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ types, which in the past were problematic for some database backends.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Donut(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     is_frosted = models.BooleanField(default=False)
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ class Donut(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('consumed_at',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class RumBaba(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/dates/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/dates/models.py
index e1fc1e74fe..e4bffb7199 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/dates/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/dates/models.py
@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
 
     categories = models.ManyToManyField("Category", related_name="articles")
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Comment(models.Model):
     article = models.ForeignKey(Article, related_name="comments")
     text = models.TextField()
     pub_date = models.DateField()
     approval_date = models.DateField(null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'Comment to %s (%s)' % (self.article.title, self.pub_date)
 
 class Category(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/defaultfilters/tests.py b/tests/regressiontests/defaultfilters/tests.py
index 2852572d32..bdf3c867c6 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/defaultfilters/tests.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/defaultfilters/tests.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils import six
 from django.utils import unittest, translation
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeData
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class DefaultFiltersTests(TestCase):
@@ -456,10 +457,11 @@ class DefaultFiltersTests(TestCase):
             'Lawrence</li>\n\t\t\t<li>Topeka</li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>'\
             '\n\t\t<li>Illinois</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>')
 
+        @python_2_unicode_compatible
         class ULItem(object):
             def __init__(self, title):
               self.title = title
-            def __unicode__(self):
+            def __str__(self):
                 return 'ulitem-%s' % str(self.title)
 
         a = ULItem('a')
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/defer_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/defer_regress/models.py
index bd4f845f27..d02adccde9 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/defer_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/defer_regress/models.py
@@ -3,15 +3,17 @@ Regression tests for defer() / only() behavior.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Item(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=15)
     text = models.TextField(default="xyzzy")
     value = models.IntegerField()
     other_value = models.IntegerField(default=0)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class RelatedItem(models.Model):
@@ -21,13 +23,14 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     value = models.IntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Leaf(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     child = models.ForeignKey(Child)
     second_child = models.ForeignKey(Child, related_name="other", null=True)
     value = models.IntegerField(default=42)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class ResolveThis(models.Model):
@@ -38,11 +41,12 @@ class Proxy(Item):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SimpleItem(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=15)
     value = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Feature(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/expressions_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/expressions_regress/models.py
index f3b6999377..711329031d 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/expressions_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/expressions_regress/models.py
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 """
 Model for testing arithmetic expressions.
 """
 from django.db import models
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Number(models.Model):
     integer = models.IntegerField(db_column='the_integer')
     float = models.FloatField(null=True, db_column='the_float')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%i, %.3f' % (self.integer, self.float)
 
 class Experiment(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/extra_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/extra_regress/models.py
index 7d2a6fab34..11996438b4 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/extra_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/extra_regress/models.py
@@ -5,14 +5,16 @@ import datetime
 
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class RevisionableModel(models.Model):
     base = models.ForeignKey('self', null=True)
     title = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255)
     when = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s (%s, %s)" % (self.title, self.id, self.base.id)
 
     def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -32,11 +34,12 @@ class Order(models.Model):
     created_by = models.ForeignKey(User)
     text = models.TextField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class TestObject(models.Model):
     first = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     second = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     third = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'TestObject: %s,%s,%s' % (self.first,self.second,self.third)
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/fixtures_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/fixtures_regress/models.py
index 7151cb0ed9..1cc30d2e51 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/fixtures_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/fixtures_regress/models.py
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Animal(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     latin_name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ class Animal(models.Model):
     # use a non-default name for the default manager
     specimens = models.Manager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
@@ -25,11 +27,12 @@ class Plant(models.Model):
         # For testing when upper case letter in app name; regression for #4057
         db_table = "Fixtures_regress_plant"
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Stuff(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, null=True)
     owner = models.ForeignKey(User, null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.name) + ' is owned by ' + six.text_type(self.owner)
 
 
@@ -68,13 +71,14 @@ class Article(models.Model):
 
 
 # Models to regression test #11428
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Widget(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
@@ -89,6 +93,7 @@ class TestManager(models.Manager):
         return self.get(name=key)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Store(models.Model):
     objects = TestManager()
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -97,13 +102,14 @@ class Store(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     objects = TestManager()
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     # Person doesn't actually have a dependency on store, but we need to define
@@ -121,6 +127,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.store']
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     author = models.ForeignKey(Person)
@@ -129,7 +136,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s by %s (available at %s)' % (
             self.name,
             self.author.name,
@@ -142,6 +149,7 @@ class NKManager(models.Manager):
         return self.get(data=data)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class NKChild(Parent):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=10, unique=True)
     objects = NKManager()
@@ -149,16 +157,17 @@ class NKChild(Parent):
     def natural_key(self):
         return self.data
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'NKChild %s:%s' % (self.name, self.data)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class RefToNKChild(models.Model):
     text = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     nk_fk = models.ForeignKey(NKChild, related_name='ref_fks')
     nk_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(NKChild, related_name='ref_m2ms')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s: Reference to %s [%s]' % (
             self.text,
             self.nk_fk,
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/forms/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/forms/models.py
index 18e6ddce6d..2f3ee9fa31 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/forms/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/forms/models.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import tempfile
 
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 temp_storage_location = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=os.environ['DJANGO_TEST_TEMP_DIR'])
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ class ChoiceModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ChoiceOptionModel(models.Model):
     """Destination for ChoiceFieldModel's ForeignKey.
     Can't reuse ChoiceModel because error_message tests require that it have no instances."""
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ class ChoiceOptionModel(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'ChoiceOption %d' % self.pk
 
 
@@ -66,10 +68,11 @@ class FileModel(models.Model):
     file = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests')
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s' % self.name
 
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/error_messages.py b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/error_messages.py
index f69b419483..b76e122bc0 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/error_messages.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/error_messages.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
 from django.forms import *
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class AssertFormErrorsMixin(object):
@@ -213,8 +214,9 @@ class FormsErrorMessagesTestCase(TestCase, AssertFormErrorsMixin):
             def clean(self):
                 raise ValidationError("I like to be awkward.")
 
+        @python_2_unicode_compatible
         class CustomErrorList(util.ErrorList):
-            def __unicode__(self):
+            def __str__(self):
                 return self.as_divs()
 
             def as_divs(self):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/extra.py b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/extra.py
index e0e62858d0..2ab5d40942 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/extra.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/extra.py
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ from django.forms import *
 from django.forms.extras import SelectDateWidget
 from django.forms.util import ErrorList
 from django.test import TestCase
+from django.utils import six
 from django.utils import translation
-from django.utils.encoding import force_text, smart_text
+from django.utils.encoding import force_text, smart_text, python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 from .error_messages import AssertFormErrorsMixin
 
@@ -553,14 +554,24 @@ class FormsExtraTestCase(TestCase, AssertFormErrorsMixin):
 
     def test_smart_text(self):
         class Test:
-            def __str__(self):
-               return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'.encode('utf-8')
+            if six.PY3:
+                def __str__(self):
+                    return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'
+            else:
+                def __str__(self):
+                    return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'.encode('utf-8')
 
         class TestU:
-            def __str__(self):
-               return 'Foo'
-            def __unicode__(self):
-               return '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111'
+            if six.PY3:
+                def __str__(self):
+                    return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'
+                def __bytes__(self):
+                    return b'Foo'
+            else:
+                def __str__(self):
+                    return b'Foo'
+                def __unicode__(self):
+                    return '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111'
 
         self.assertEqual(smart_text(Test()), '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111')
         self.assertEqual(smart_text(TestU()), '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111')
@@ -585,8 +596,9 @@ class FormsExtraTestCase(TestCase, AssertFormErrorsMixin):
         self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'sirrobin')
 
     def test_overriding_errorlist(self):
+        @python_2_unicode_compatible
         class DivErrorList(ErrorList):
-            def __unicode__(self):
+            def __str__(self):
                 return self.as_divs()
 
             def as_divs(self):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/util.py b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/util.py
index b7cc4ec809..c2d213ae23 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/util.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/util.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class FormsUtilTestCase(TestCase):
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@ class FormsUtilTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(str(ErrorList(ValidationError(["First error.", "Not \u03C0.", ugettext_lazy("Error.")]).messages)),
                          '<ul class="errorlist"><li>First error.</li><li>Not π.</li><li>Error.</li></ul>')
 
+        @python_2_unicode_compatible
         class VeryBadError:
-            def __unicode__(self): return "A very bad error."
+            def __str__(self): return "A very bad error."
 
         # Can take a non-string.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(str(ErrorList(ValidationError(VeryBadError()).messages)),
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/widgets.py b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/widgets.py
index 3ea42cf549..c950aef719 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/widgets.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/forms/tests/widgets.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.utils import six
 from django.utils.translation import activate, deactivate
 from django.test import TestCase
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class FormsWidgetTestCase(TestCase):
@@ -1096,6 +1097,7 @@ class WidgetTests(TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class FakeFieldFile(object):
     """
     Quacks like a FieldFile (has a .url and unicode representation), but
@@ -1104,7 +1106,7 @@ class FakeFieldFile(object):
     """
     url = 'something'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.url
 
 class ClearableFileInputTests(TestCase):
@@ -1125,10 +1127,11 @@ class ClearableFileInputTests(TestCase):
         rendering HTML. Refs #15182.
         """
 
+        @python_2_unicode_compatible
         class StrangeFieldFile(object):
             url = "something?chapter=1&sect=2&copy=3&lang=en"
 
-            def __unicode__(self):
+            def __str__(self):
                 return '''something<div onclick="alert('oops')">.jpg'''
 
         widget = ClearableFileInput()
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/generic_inline_admin/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/generic_inline_admin/models.py
index a1555666b3..dedc351075 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/generic_inline_admin/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/generic_inline_admin/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Episode(models.Model):
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ class Episode(models.Model):
     author = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Media(models.Model):
     """
     Media that can associated to any object.
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ class Media(models.Model):
     description = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
     keywords = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.url
 
 #
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/generic_relations_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/generic_relations_regress/models.py
index 7ec752b02b..dacc9b380b 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/generic_relations_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/generic_relations_regress/models.py
@@ -1,31 +1,36 @@
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 __all__ = ('Link', 'Place', 'Restaurant', 'Person', 'Address',
            'CharLink', 'TextLink', 'OddRelation1', 'OddRelation2',
            'Contact', 'Organization', 'Note')
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Link(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Link to %s id=%s" % (self.content_type, self.object_id)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     links = generic.GenericRelation(Link)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Place: %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(Place):
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Restaurant: %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Address(models.Model):
     street = models.CharField(max_length=80)
     city = models.CharField(max_length=50)
@@ -35,15 +40,16 @@ class Address(models.Model):
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%s %s, %s %s' % (self.street, self.city, self.state, self.zipcode)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     account = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
     addresses = generic.GenericRelation(Address)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class CharLink(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/generic_views/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/generic_views/models.py
index 2355769d58..f59389ef78 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/generic_views/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/generic_views/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Artist(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
@@ -9,13 +11,14 @@ class Artist(models.Model):
         verbose_name = 'professional artist'
         verbose_name_plural = 'professional artists'
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     @models.permalink
     def get_absolute_url(self):
         return ('artist_detail', (), {'pk': self.id})
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     slug = models.SlugField()
@@ -23,9 +26,10 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=300)
     slug = models.SlugField()
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['-pubdate']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Page(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/inline_formsets/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/inline_formsets/models.py
index d76eea758b..40c85fe739 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/inline_formsets/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/inline_formsets/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class School(models.Model):
@@ -14,15 +15,17 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     school = models.ForeignKey(School)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Poet(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Poem(models.Model):
     poet = models.ForeignKey(Poet)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/introspection/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/introspection/models.py
index 3ca80c5aab..6e5beba61d 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/introspection/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/introspection/models.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Reporter(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
@@ -12,15 +14,16 @@ class Reporter(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         unique_together = ('first_name', 'last_name')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/m2m_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/m2m_regress/models.py
index be8dcae9c1..7c1108456e 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/m2m_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/m2m_regress/models.py
@@ -1,37 +1,42 @@
 from django.contrib.auth import models as auth
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 # No related name is needed here, since symmetrical relations are not
 # explicitly reversible.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SelfRefer(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     references = models.ManyToManyField('self')
     related = models.ManyToManyField('self')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # Regression for #11956 -- a many to many to the base class
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class TagCollection(Tag):
     tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name='tag_collections')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # A related_name is required on one of the ManyToManyField entries here because
 # they are both addressable as reverse relations from Tag.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Entry(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     topics = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)
     related = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name="similar")
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # Two models both inheriting from a base model with a self-referential m2m field
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/m2m_through_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/m2m_through_regress/models.py
index 1db3de1a4c..1995b78984 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/m2m_through_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/m2m_through_regress/models.py
@@ -2,40 +2,45 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 # Forward declared intermediate model
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Membership(models.Model):
     person = models.ForeignKey('Person')
     group = models.ForeignKey('Group')
     price = models.IntegerField(default=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is a member of %s" % (self.person.name, self.group.name)
 
 # using custom id column to test ticket #11107
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class UserMembership(models.Model):
     id = models.AutoField(db_column='usermembership_id', primary_key=True)
     user = models.ForeignKey(User)
     group = models.ForeignKey('Group')
     price = models.IntegerField(default=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s is a user and member of %s" % (self.user.username, self.group.name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
     # Membership object defined as a class
     members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through=Membership)
     user_members = models.ManyToManyField(User, through='UserMembership')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # A set of models that use an non-abstract inherited model as the 'through' model.
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/managers_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/managers_regress/models.py
index fb6c530722..892505f24a 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/managers_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/managers_regress/models.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Various edge-cases for model managers.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class OnlyFred(models.Manager):
@@ -44,35 +45,40 @@ class AbstractBase3(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
     manager = OnlyFred()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # Managers from base classes are inherited and, if no manager is specified
 # *and* the parent has a manager specified, the first one (in the MRO) will
 # become the default.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child1(AbstractBase1):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child2(AbstractBase1, AbstractBase2):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child3(AbstractBase1, AbstractBase3):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child4(AbstractBase1):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
@@ -80,16 +86,17 @@ class Child4(AbstractBase1):
     # inherited.
     default = models.Manager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child5(AbstractBase3):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
     default = OnlyFred()
     objects = models.Manager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # Will inherit managers from AbstractBase1, but not Child4.
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/many_to_one_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/many_to_one_regress/models.py
index 1e59c4c8c8..f3727820f8 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/many_to_one_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/many_to_one_regress/models.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Regression tests for a few ForeignKey bugs.
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 # If ticket #1578 ever slips back in, these models will not be able to be
 # created (the field names being lower-cased versions of their opposite
@@ -30,18 +31,20 @@ class Child(models.Model):
 
 
 # Multiple paths to the same model (#7110, #7125)
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Record(models.Model):
     category = models.ForeignKey(Category)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Relation(models.Model):
     left = models.ForeignKey(Record, related_name='left_set')
     right = models.ForeignKey(Record, related_name='right_set')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s - %s" % (self.left.category.name, self.right.category.name)
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/model_forms_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/model_forms_regress/models.py
index 9259e260f0..f6e08d24dc 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/model_forms_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/model_forms_regress/models.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import os
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class Person(models.Model):
@@ -20,18 +21,20 @@ class Triple(models.Model):
 class FilePathModel(models.Model):
     path = models.FilePathField(path=os.path.dirname(__file__), match=".*\.py$", blank=True)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Publication(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     date_published = models.DateField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 class CustomFileField(models.FileField):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/model_formsets_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/model_formsets_regress/models.py
index 189ed8072e..f94ad51929 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/model_formsets_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/model_formsets_regress/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class User(models.Model):
@@ -22,9 +23,10 @@ class Manager(models.Model):
 class Network(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=15)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Host(models.Model):
     network = models.ForeignKey(Network)
     hostname = models.CharField(max_length=25)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.hostname
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py
index 5481298963..811c8175bb 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals
 import datetime
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     address = models.CharField(max_length=80)
@@ -11,28 +13,31 @@ class Place(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the place" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(Place):
     serves_hot_dogs = models.BooleanField()
     serves_pizza = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the restaurant" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ItalianRestaurant(Restaurant):
     serves_gnocchi = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the italian restaurant" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ParkingLot(Place):
     # An explicit link to the parent (we can control the attribute name).
     parent = models.OneToOneField(Place, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
     capacity = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the parking lot" % self.name
 
 class ParkingLot2(Place):
@@ -64,13 +69,14 @@ class SelfRefParent(models.Model):
 class SelfRefChild(SelfRefParent):
     child_data = models.IntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 class ArticleWithAuthor(Article):
@@ -91,17 +97,19 @@ class Evaluation(Article):
 class QualityControl(Evaluation):
     assignee = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class BaseM(models.Model):
     base_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.base_name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class DerivedM(BaseM):
     customPK = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     derived_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "PK = %d, base_name = %s, derived_name = %s" \
                 % (self.customPK, self.base_name, self.derived_name)
 
@@ -120,15 +128,17 @@ class InternalCertificationAudit(CertificationAudit):
     auditing_dept = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
 # Check that abstract classes don't get m2m tables autocreated.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class AbstractEvent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     attendees = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name="%(class)s_set")
@@ -137,7 +147,7 @@ class AbstractEvent(models.Model):
         abstract = True
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class BirthdayParty(AbstractEvent):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_select_related/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_select_related/models.py
index f810531bff..6b28772620 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_select_related/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/model_inheritance_select_related/models.py
@@ -5,27 +5,31 @@ select_related().
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the place" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(Place):
     serves_sushi = models.BooleanField()
     serves_steak = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the restaurant" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     favorite_restaurant = models.ForeignKey(Restaurant)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/model_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/model_regress/models.py
index aca6d44837..6c350d1b5d 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/model_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/model_regress/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 CHOICES = (
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ CHOICES = (
 )
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         # A utf-8 verbose name (Ångström's Articles) to test they are valid.
         verbose_name = "\xc3\x85ngstr\xc3\xb6m's Articles"
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 
@@ -38,26 +40,29 @@ class Event(models.Model):
     when = models.DateTimeField()
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Department(models.Model):
     id = models.PositiveIntegerField(primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Worker(models.Model):
     department = models.ForeignKey(Department)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class BrokenUnicodeMethod(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=7)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         # Intentionally broken (trying to insert a unicode value into a str
         # object).
         return 'Názov: %s' % self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/modeladmin/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/modeladmin/models.py
index 33202fad8f..fdbcabd187 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/modeladmin/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/modeladmin/models.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Band(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     bio = models.TextField()
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ class Band(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('name',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Concert(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/multiple_database/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/multiple_database/models.py
index 7d655fe3d6..e46438649b 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/multiple_database/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/multiple_database/models.py
@@ -4,15 +4,17 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.contrib.contenttypes import generic
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Review(models.Model):
     source = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     content_object = generic.GenericForeignKey()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.source
 
     class Meta:
@@ -22,11 +24,12 @@ class PersonManager(models.Manager):
     def get_by_natural_key(self, name):
         return self.get(name=name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Person(models.Model):
     objects = PersonManager()
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
@@ -45,6 +48,7 @@ class BookManager(models.Manager):
         kwargs.pop('extra_arg', None)
         return super(BookManager, self).get_or_create(*args, **kwargs)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     objects = BookManager()
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
@@ -54,17 +58,18 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     reviews = generic.GenericRelation(Review)
     pages = models.IntegerField(default=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('title',)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Pet(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     owner = models.ForeignKey(Person)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/null_fk/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/null_fk/models.py
index e32ff542a0..c86ee8a5a9 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/null_fk/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/null_fk/models.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Regression tests for proper working of ForeignKey(null=True).
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class SystemDetails(models.Model):
@@ -16,13 +17,15 @@ class Forum(models.Model):
     system_info = models.ForeignKey(SystemInfo)
     forum_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Post(models.Model):
     forum = models.ForeignKey(Forum, null=True)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Comment(models.Model):
     post = models.ForeignKey(Post, null=True)
     comment_text = models.CharField(max_length=250)
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('comment_text',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.comment_text
 
 # Ticket 15823
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/null_fk_ordering/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/null_fk_ordering/models.py
index e4a19f1512..3caff0d594 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/null_fk_ordering/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/null_fk_ordering/models.py
@@ -8,17 +8,19 @@ xpected results
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 # The first two models represent a very simple null FK ordering case.
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author, null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'Article titled: %s' % (self.title, )
 
     class Meta:
@@ -33,13 +35,15 @@ class Forum(models.Model):
     system_info = models.ForeignKey(SystemInfo)
     forum_name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Post(models.Model):
     forum = models.ForeignKey(Forum, null=True)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Comment(models.Model):
     post = models.ForeignKey(Post, null=True)
     comment_text = models.CharField(max_length=250)
@@ -47,5 +51,5 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['post__forum__system_info__system_name', 'comment_text']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.comment_text
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/null_queries/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/null_queries/models.py
index 886bd75276..25560fbab7 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/null_queries/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/null_queries/models.py
@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Poll(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Q: %s " % self.question
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Choice(models.Model):
     poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll)
     choice = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Choice: %s in poll %s" % (self.choice, self.poll)
 
 # A set of models with an inner one pointing to two outer ones.
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/one_to_one_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/one_to_one_regress/models.py
index 5d32bf03f8..38b801f40e 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/one_to_one_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/one_to_one_regress/models.py
@@ -1,39 +1,44 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     address = models.CharField(max_length=80)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the place" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Restaurant(models.Model):
     place = models.OneToOneField(Place)
     serves_hot_dogs = models.BooleanField()
     serves_pizza = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the restaurant" % self.place.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Bar(models.Model):
     place = models.OneToOneField(Place)
     serves_cocktails = models.BooleanField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s the bar" % self.place.name
 
 class UndergroundBar(models.Model):
     place = models.OneToOneField(Place, null=True)
     serves_cocktails = models.BooleanField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Favorites(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length = 50)
     restaurants = models.ManyToManyField(Restaurant)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Favorites for %s" % self.name
 
 class Target(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/queries/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/queries/models.py
index 6328776e91..45a48ee77c 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/queries/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/queries/models.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import threading
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils import six
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
 class DumbCategory(models.Model):
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ class ProxyCategory(DumbCategory):
 class NamedCategory(DumbCategory):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     parent = models.ForeignKey('self', blank=True, null=True,
@@ -28,9 +30,10 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Note(models.Model):
     note = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     misc = models.CharField(max_length=10)
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ class Note(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['note']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.note
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -48,14 +51,16 @@ class Note(models.Model):
         # that use objects of that type as an argument.
         self.lock = threading.Lock()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Annotation(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     tag = models.ForeignKey(Tag)
     notes = models.ManyToManyField(Note)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ExtraInfo(models.Model):
     info = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     note = models.ForeignKey(Note)
@@ -63,9 +68,10 @@ class ExtraInfo(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['info']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.info
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     num = models.IntegerField(unique=True)
@@ -74,9 +80,10 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Item(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     created = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -88,16 +95,18 @@ class Item(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['-note', 'name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Report(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     creator = models.ForeignKey(Author, to_field='num', null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Ranking(models.Model):
     rank = models.IntegerField()
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author)
@@ -106,9 +115,10 @@ class Ranking(models.Model):
         # A complex ordering specification. Should stress the system a bit.
         ordering = ('author__extra__note', 'author__name', 'rank')
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return '%d: %s' % (self.rank, self.author.name)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Cover(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     item = models.ForeignKey(Item)
@@ -116,13 +126,14 @@ class Cover(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['item']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Number(models.Model):
     num = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return six.text_type(self.num)
 
 # Symmetrical m2m field with a normal field using the reverse accesor name
@@ -168,6 +179,7 @@ class CustomManager(models.Manager):
         qs = super(CustomManager, self).get_query_set()
         return qs.filter(public=True, tag__name='t1')
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ManagedModel(models.Model):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     tag = models.ForeignKey(Tag)
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ class ManagedModel(models.Model):
     objects = CustomManager()
     normal_manager = models.Manager()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
 # An inter-related setup with multiple paths from Child to Detail.
@@ -211,11 +223,12 @@ class Related(models.Model):
 # An inter-related setup with a model subclass that has a nullable
 # path to another model, and a return path from that model.
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Celebrity(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField("Name", max_length=20)
     greatest_fan = models.ForeignKey("Fan", null=True, unique=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class TvChef(Celebrity):
@@ -225,10 +238,11 @@ class Fan(models.Model):
     fan_of = models.ForeignKey(Celebrity)
 
 # Multiple foreign keys
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class LeafA(models.Model):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
 class LeafB(models.Model):
@@ -238,11 +252,12 @@ class Join(models.Model):
     a = models.ForeignKey(LeafA)
     b = models.ForeignKey(LeafB)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ReservedName(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     order = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 # A simpler shared-foreign-key setup that can expose some problems.
@@ -256,13 +271,14 @@ class PointerB(models.Model):
     connection = models.ForeignKey(SharedConnection)
 
 # Multi-layer ordering
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SingleObject(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['name']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class RelatedObject(models.Model):
@@ -271,6 +287,7 @@ class RelatedObject(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['single']
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Plaything(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     others = models.ForeignKey(RelatedObject, null=True)
@@ -278,79 +295,89 @@ class Plaything(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ['others']
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     created = models.DateTimeField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Food(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Eaten(models.Model):
     food = models.ForeignKey(Food, to_field="name")
     meal = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s at %s" % (self.food, self.meal)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Node(models.Model):
     num = models.IntegerField(unique=True)
     parent = models.ForeignKey("self", to_field="num", null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s" % self.num
 
 # Bug #12252
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ObjectA(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ObjectB(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     objecta = models.ForeignKey(ObjectA)
     num = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class ObjectC(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     objecta = models.ForeignKey(ObjectA)
     objectb = models.ForeignKey(ObjectB)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SimpleCategory(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=15)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SpecialCategory(SimpleCategory):
     special_name = models.CharField(max_length=15)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name + " " + self.special_name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class CategoryItem(models.Model):
     category = models.ForeignKey(SimpleCategory)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "category item: " + str(self.category)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class OneToOneCategory(models.Model):
     new_name = models.CharField(max_length=15)
     category = models.OneToOneField(SimpleCategory)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "one2one " + self.new_name
 
 class NullableName(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/select_related_onetoone/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/select_related_onetoone/models.py
index 3d6da9b4c5..3284defb11 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/select_related_onetoone/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/select_related_onetoone/models.py
@@ -1,44 +1,50 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class User(models.Model):
     username = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     email = models.EmailField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.username
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class UserProfile(models.Model):
     user = models.OneToOneField(User)
     city = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     state = models.CharField(max_length=2)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s, %s" % (self.city, self.state)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class UserStatResult(models.Model):
     results = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'UserStatResults, results = %s' % (self.results,)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class UserStat(models.Model):
     user = models.OneToOneField(User, primary_key=True)
     posts = models.IntegerField()
     results = models.ForeignKey(UserStatResult)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'UserStat, posts = %s' % (self.posts,)
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class StatDetails(models.Model):
     base_stats = models.OneToOneField(UserStat)
     comments = models.IntegerField()
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'StatDetails, comments = %s' % (self.comments,)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/select_related_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/select_related_regress/models.py
index 1af9ff4bca..a291a547f7 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/select_related_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/select_related_regress/models.py
@@ -1,34 +1,39 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Building(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Building: %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Device(models.Model):
     building = models.ForeignKey('Building')
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "device '%s' in building %s" % (self.name, self.building)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Port(models.Model):
     device = models.ForeignKey('Device')
     port_number = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s/%s" % (self.device.name, self.port_number)
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Connection(models.Model):
     start = models.ForeignKey(Port, related_name='connection_start',
             unique=True)
     end = models.ForeignKey(Port, related_name='connection_end', unique=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "%s to %s" % (self.start, self.end)
 
 # Another non-tree hierarchy that exercises code paths similar to the above
@@ -72,18 +77,20 @@ class SpecialClient(Client):
     value = models.IntegerField()
 
 # Some model inheritance exercises
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 class Child(Parent):
     value = models.IntegerField()
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Item(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     child = models.ForeignKey(Child, null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/signals_regress/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/signals_regress/models.py
index bf64f69e8c..829314c06c 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/signals_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/signals_regress/models.py
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Book(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/sites_framework/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/sites_framework/models.py
index 9ecc3e6660..55c4f4992e 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/sites_framework/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/sites_framework/models.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 from django.contrib.sites.managers import CurrentSiteManager
 from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class AbstractArticle(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ class AbstractArticle(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 class SyndicatedArticle(AbstractArticle):
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/string_lookup/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/string_lookup/models.py
index 0704890cd7..a2d64cd0b2 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/string_lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/string_lookup/models.py
@@ -2,47 +2,54 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Foo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     friend = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Foo %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Bar(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     normal = models.ForeignKey(Foo, related_name='normal_foo')
     fwd = models.ForeignKey("Whiz")
     back = models.ForeignKey("Foo")
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Bar %s" % self.place.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Whiz(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Whiz %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Child(models.Model):
     parent = models.OneToOneField('Base')
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Child %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Base(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Base %s" % self.name
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     text = models.TextField()
     submitted_from = models.IPAddressField(blank=True, null=True)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return "Article %s" % self.name
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/syndication/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/syndication/models.py
index a2c504e57f..10b3fe3a0c 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/syndication/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/syndication/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Entry(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     date = models.DateTimeField()
@@ -8,17 +10,18 @@ class Entry(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         ordering = ('date',)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
         return "/blog/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Article(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     entry = models.ForeignKey(Entry)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/templates/filters.py b/tests/regressiontests/templates/filters.py
index fd570700af..606282ecc5 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/templates/filters.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/templates/filters.py
@@ -13,14 +13,17 @@ from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta
 from django.test.utils import str_prefix
 from django.utils.tzinfo import LocalTimezone, FixedOffset
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
 # These two classes are used to test auto-escaping of __unicode__ output.
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class UnsafeClass:
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return 'you & me'
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class SafeClass:
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return mark_safe('you &gt; me')
 
 # RESULT SYNTAX --
@@ -338,11 +341,11 @@ def get_filter_tests():
         'join04': (r'{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:" &amp; " }}{% endautoescape %}', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me']}, 'alpha &amp; beta & me'),
 
         # Test that joining with unsafe joiners don't result in unsafe strings (#11377)
-        'join05': (r'{{ a|join:var }}', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me'], 'var': ' & '}, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me'), 
-        'join06': (r'{{ a|join:var }}', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me'], 'var': mark_safe(' & ')}, 'alpha & beta &amp; me'), 
-        'join07': (r'{{ a|join:var|lower }}', {'a': ['Alpha', 'Beta & me'], 'var': ' & ' }, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me'), 
-        'join08': (r'{{ a|join:var|lower }}', {'a': ['Alpha', 'Beta & me'], 'var': mark_safe(' & ')}, 'alpha & beta &amp; me'), 
-        
+        'join05': (r'{{ a|join:var }}', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me'], 'var': ' & '}, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me'),
+        'join06': (r'{{ a|join:var }}', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me'], 'var': mark_safe(' & ')}, 'alpha & beta &amp; me'),
+        'join07': (r'{{ a|join:var|lower }}', {'a': ['Alpha', 'Beta & me'], 'var': ' & ' }, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me'),
+        'join08': (r'{{ a|join:var|lower }}', {'a': ['Alpha', 'Beta & me'], 'var': mark_safe(' & ')}, 'alpha & beta &amp; me'),
+
         'date01': (r'{{ d|date:"m" }}', {'d': datetime(2008, 1, 1)}, '01'),
         'date02': (r'{{ d|date }}', {'d': datetime(2008, 1, 1)}, 'Jan. 1, 2008'),
         #Ticket 9520: Make sure |date doesn't blow up on non-dates
diff --git a/tests/regressiontests/views/models.py b/tests/regressiontests/views/models.py
index 54f5c1c1f0..461f98c028 100644
--- a/tests/regressiontests/views/models.py
+++ b/tests/regressiontests/views/models.py
@@ -3,16 +3,19 @@ Regression tests for Django built-in views.
 """
 
 from django.db import models
+from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
         return '/views/authors/%s/' % self.id
 
+@python_2_unicode_compatible
 class BaseArticle(models.Model):
     """
     An abstract article Model so that we can create article models with and
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ class BaseArticle(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
-    def __unicode__(self):
+    def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 class Article(BaseArticle):