Refs #32365 -- Removed internal uses of utils.timezone.utc alias.

Remaining test case ensures that uses of the alias are mapped
canonically by the migration writer.

33 files changed, 115 insertions, 102 deletions

diff --git a/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py b/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py
index 02c731331b..23224779c5 100644
--- a/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py
+++ b/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import re
-from datetime import date, datetime
+from datetime import date, datetime, timezone
 from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django import template
 from django.template import defaultfilters
 from django.utils.formats import number_format
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
-from django.utils.timezone import is_aware, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import is_aware
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 from django.utils.translation import (
     gettext_lazy,
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class NaturalTimeFormatter:
         if not isinstance(value, date):  # datetime is a subclass of date
             return value
 
-        now = datetime.now(utc if is_aware(value) else None)
+        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc if is_aware(value) else None)
         if value < now:
             delta = now - value
             if delta.days != 0:
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py
index 947388333f..b7a13d6d17 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import (
 )
 from django.contrib.sessions.exceptions import InvalidSessionKey
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, SuspiciousOperation
-from django.utils import timezone
 
 
 class SessionStore(SessionBase):
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         Return the modification time of the file storing the session's content.
         """
         modification = os.stat(self._key_to_file()).st_mtime
-        tz = timezone.utc if settings.USE_TZ else None
+        tz = datetime.timezone.utc if settings.USE_TZ else None
         return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(modification, tz=tz)
 
     def _expiry_date(self, session_data):
diff --git a/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py b/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
index 41c115de49..679f7ed611 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _get_latest_lastmod(current_lastmod, new_lastmod):
     if not isinstance(new_lastmod, datetime.datetime):
         new_lastmod = datetime.datetime.combine(new_lastmod, datetime.time.min)
     if timezone.is_naive(new_lastmod):
-        new_lastmod = timezone.make_aware(new_lastmod, timezone.utc)
+        new_lastmod = timezone.make_aware(new_lastmod, datetime.timezone.utc)
     return new_lastmod if current_lastmod is None else max(current_lastmod, new_lastmod)
 
 
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/db.py b/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
index e3d055084c..e022b96abe 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 "Database cache backend."
 import base64
 import pickle
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.cache.backends.base import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, BaseCache
 from django.db import DatabaseError, connections, models, router, transaction
-from django.utils import timezone
+from django.utils.timezone import now as tz_now
 
 
 class Options:
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         for key, value, expires in rows:
             for converter in converters:
                 expires = converter(expires, expression, connection)
-            if expires < timezone.now():
+            if expires < tz_now():
                 expired_keys.append(key)
             else:
                 value = connection.ops.process_clob(value)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM %s" % table)
             num = cursor.fetchone()[0]
-            now = timezone.now()
+            now = tz_now()
             now = now.replace(microsecond=0)
             if timeout is None:
                 exp = datetime.max
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         connection = connections[db]
         quote_name = connection.ops.quote_name
 
-        now = timezone.now().replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)
+        now = tz_now().replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)
 
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
diff --git a/django/core/files/storage.py b/django/core/files/storage.py
index 714f9c1255..71cbb93cb6 100644
--- a/django/core/files/storage.py
+++ b/django/core/files/storage.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import os
 import pathlib
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 from django.conf import settings
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from django.core.files import File, locks
 from django.core.files.move import file_move_safe
 from django.core.files.utils import validate_file_name
 from django.core.signals import setting_changed
-from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils._os import safe_join
 from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string
 from django.utils.deconstruct import deconstructible
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/base.py b/django/db/backends/base/base.py
index f093f2bd8b..f8bea6fd23 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/base.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import _thread
 import copy
+import datetime
 import threading
 import time
 import warnings
@@ -19,7 +20,6 @@ from django.db.backends.base.validation import BaseDatabaseValidation
 from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created
 from django.db.transaction import TransactionManagementError
 from django.db.utils import DatabaseErrorWrapper
-from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.asyncio import async_unsafe
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         if not settings.USE_TZ:
             return None
         elif self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"] is None:
-            return timezone.utc
+            return datetime.timezone.utc
         else:
             return timezone_constructor(self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"])
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py b/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
index 4d17c25f0f..72208efd04 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ class CommaSeparatedIntegerField(CharField):
 
 def _to_naive(value):
     if timezone.is_aware(value):
-        value = timezone.make_naive(value, timezone.utc)
+        value = timezone.make_naive(value, datetime.timezone.utc)
     return value
 
 
diff --git a/django/http/response.py b/django/http/response.py
index 801a0c0640..62b8b1c087 100644
--- a/django/http/response.py
+++ b/django/http/response.py
@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
         if expires is not None:
             if isinstance(expires, datetime.datetime):
                 if timezone.is_naive(expires):
-                    expires = timezone.make_aware(expires, timezone.utc)
-                delta = expires - datetime.datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+                    expires = timezone.make_aware(expires, datetime.timezone.utc)
+                delta = expires - datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
                 # Add one second so the date matches exactly (a fraction of
                 # time gets lost between converting to a timedelta and
                 # then the date string).
diff --git a/django/templatetags/tz.py b/django/templatetags/tz.py
index de0432cd4d..cb7d22e5f2 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/tz.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/tz.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-from datetime import datetime, tzinfo
+from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import timezone as datetime_timezone
+from datetime import tzinfo
 
 try:
     import zoneinfo
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ def utc(value):
     """
     Convert a datetime to UTC.
     """
-    return do_timezone(value, timezone.utc)
+    return do_timezone(value, datetime_timezone.utc)
 
 
 @register.filter("timezone")
diff --git a/django/utils/dateparse.py b/django/utils/dateparse.py
index 2e6a260a4f..08651f57ad 100644
--- a/django/utils/dateparse.py
+++ b/django/utils/dateparse.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import datetime
 
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
-from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 date_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})$")
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def parse_datetime(value):
             kw["microsecond"] = kw["microsecond"] and kw["microsecond"].ljust(6, "0")
             tzinfo = kw.pop("tzinfo")
             if tzinfo == "Z":
-                tzinfo = utc
+                tzinfo = datetime.timezone.utc
             elif tzinfo is not None:
                 offset_mins = int(tzinfo[-2:]) if len(tzinfo) > 3 else 0
                 offset = 60 * int(tzinfo[1:3]) + offset_mins
diff --git a/django/utils/feedgenerator.py b/django/utils/feedgenerator.py
index 5a57db19ec..31ca9a2db9 100644
--- a/django/utils/feedgenerator.py
+++ b/django/utils/feedgenerator.py
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from io import StringIO
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 from django.utils.xmlutils import SimplerXMLGenerator
 
 
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ class SyndicationFeed:
                     if latest_date is None or item_date > latest_date:
                         latest_date = item_date
 
-        return latest_date or datetime.datetime.now(tz=utc)
+        return latest_date or datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
 
 
 class Enclosure:
diff --git a/django/utils/timesince.py b/django/utils/timesince.py
index 8a8ffb8151..3a0d4afb1a 100644
--- a/django/utils/timesince.py
+++ b/django/utils/timesince.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import calendar
 import datetime
 
 from django.utils.html import avoid_wrapping
-from django.utils.timezone import is_aware, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import is_aware
 from django.utils.translation import gettext, ngettext_lazy
 
 TIME_STRINGS = {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def timesince(d, now=None, reversed=False, time_strings=None, depth=2):
     if now and not isinstance(now, datetime.datetime):
         now = datetime.datetime(now.year, now.month, now.day)
 
-    now = now or datetime.datetime.now(utc if is_aware(d) else None)
+    now = now or datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc if is_aware(d) else None)
 
     if reversed:
         d, now = now, d
diff --git a/django/utils/timezone.py b/django/utils/timezone.py
index 71b160448e..33c0440095 100644
--- a/django/utils/timezone.py
+++ b/django/utils/timezone.py
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ def now():
     """
     Return an aware or naive datetime.datetime, depending on settings.USE_TZ.
     """
-    return datetime.now(tz=utc if settings.USE_TZ else None)
+    return datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc if settings.USE_TZ else None)
 
 
 # By design, these four functions don't perform any checks on their arguments.
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/http.py b/django/views/decorators/http.py
index 6f7578ef31..6d88a633eb 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/http.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/http.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 Decorators for views based on HTTP headers.
 """
-
+import datetime
 from functools import wraps
 
 from django.http import HttpResponseNotAllowed
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def condition(etag_func=None, last_modified_func=None):
                     dt = last_modified_func(request, *args, **kwargs)
                     if dt:
                         if not timezone.is_aware(dt):
-                            dt = timezone.make_aware(dt, timezone.utc)
+                            dt = timezone.make_aware(dt, datetime.timezone.utc)
                         return int(dt.timestamp())
 
             # The value from etag_func() could be quoted or unquoted.
diff --git a/docs/ref/models/database-functions.txt b/docs/ref/models/database-functions.txt
index 28d489d256..acca4a7c68 100644
--- a/docs/ref/models/database-functions.txt
+++ b/docs/ref/models/database-functions.txt
@@ -358,8 +358,7 @@ as ``__(lookup_name)``, e.g. ``__year``.
 Since ``DateField``\s don't have a time component, only ``Extract`` subclasses
 that deal with date-parts can be used with ``DateField``::
 
-    >>> from datetime import datetime
-    >>> from django.utils import timezone
+    >>> from datetime import datetime, timezone
     >>> from django.db.models.functions import (
     ...     ExtractDay, ExtractMonth, ExtractQuarter, ExtractWeek,
     ...     ExtractIsoWeekDay, ExtractWeekDay, ExtractIsoYear, ExtractYear,
@@ -409,8 +408,7 @@ Each class is also a ``Transform`` registered on ``DateTimeField`` as
 
 ``DateTimeField`` examples::
 
-    >>> from datetime import datetime
-    >>> from django.utils import timezone
+    >>> from datetime import datetime, timezone
     >>> from django.db.models.functions import (
     ...     ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth,
     ...     ExtractQuarter, ExtractSecond, ExtractWeek, ExtractIsoWeekDay,
@@ -447,6 +445,7 @@ to that timezone before the value is extracted. The example below converts to
 the Melbourne timezone (UTC +10:00), which changes the day, weekday, and hour
 values that are returned::
 
+    >>> from django.utils import timezone
     >>> import zoneinfo
     >>> melb = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Australia/Melbourne')  # UTC+10:00
     >>> with timezone.override(melb):
@@ -620,10 +619,9 @@ with less precision. ``expression`` can have an ``output_field`` of either
 Since ``DateField``\s don't have a time component, only ``Trunc`` subclasses
 that deal with date-parts can be used with ``DateField``::
 
-    >>> from datetime import datetime
+    >>> from datetime import datetime, timezone
     >>> from django.db.models import Count
     >>> from django.db.models.functions import TruncMonth, TruncYear
-    >>> from django.utils import timezone
     >>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
     >>> start2 = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
     >>> start3 = datetime(2015, 12, 31, 17, 5, 27, 999, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
@@ -699,12 +697,11 @@ datetimes with less precision. ``expression`` must have an ``output_field`` of
 
 Usage example::
 
-    >>> from datetime import date, datetime
+    >>> from datetime import date, datetime, timezone
     >>> from django.db.models import Count
     >>> from django.db.models.functions import (
     ...     TruncDate, TruncDay, TruncHour, TruncMinute, TruncSecond,
     ... )
-    >>> from django.utils import timezone
     >>> import zoneinfo
     >>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
     >>> Experiment.objects.create(start_datetime=start1, start_date=start1.date())
@@ -753,10 +750,9 @@ with less precision. ``expression`` can have an ``output_field`` of either
 Since ``TimeField``\s don't have a date component, only ``Trunc`` subclasses
 that deal with time-parts can be used with ``TimeField``::
 
-    >>> from datetime import datetime
+    >>> from datetime import datetime, timezone
     >>> from django.db.models import Count, TimeField
     >>> from django.db.models.functions import TruncHour
-    >>> from django.utils import timezone
     >>> start1 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
     >>> start2 = datetime(2014, 6, 15, 14, 40, 2, 123, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
     >>> start3 = datetime(2015, 12, 31, 17, 5, 27, 999, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
diff --git a/docs/topics/i18n/timezones.txt b/docs/topics/i18n/timezones.txt
index 4c6aa58ba2..318a16d6ab 100644
--- a/docs/topics/i18n/timezones.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/i18n/timezones.txt
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ used.
     However, :ref:`as explained above <naive-datetime-objects>`, this isn't
     entirely reliable, and you should always work with aware datetimes in UTC
     in your own code. For instance, use :meth:`~datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp`
-    and set the ``tz`` parameter to :data:`~django.utils.timezone.utc`.
+    and set the ``tz`` parameter to :attr:`~datetime.timezone.utc`.
 
 Selecting the current time zone
 -------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/aggregation/tests.py b/tests/aggregation/tests.py
index 4ca8729a4b..b779fe551c 100644
--- a/tests/aggregation/tests.py
+++ b/tests/aggregation/tests.py
@@ -1847,7 +1847,7 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_database(self):
-        now = timezone.now().astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        now = timezone.now().astimezone(datetime.timezone.utc)
         expr = Min(
             "store__friday_night_closing",
             filter=~Q(store__name="Amazon.com"),
@@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_date_from_database(self):
-        now = timezone.now().astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        now = timezone.now().astimezone(datetime.timezone.utc)
         expr = Min("book__pubdate", default=TruncDate(NowUTC()))
         queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(earliest_pubdate=expr).order_by("name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_database(self):
-        now = timezone.now().astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        now = timezone.now().astimezone(datetime.timezone.utc)
         expr = Min(
             "store__original_opening",
             filter=~Q(store__name="Amazon.com"),
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py
index 8fb1b972b5..9e6e0dce20 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from django.test import (
     modify_settings,
     override_settings,
 )
-from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 
diff --git a/tests/datatypes/tests.py b/tests/datatypes/tests.py
index 56f6c14c31..97f3ec0852 100644
--- a/tests/datatypes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/datatypes/tests.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import datetime
 
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from .models import Donut, RumBaba
 
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ class DataTypesTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_error_on_timezone(self):
         """Regression test for #8354: the MySQL and Oracle backends should raise
         an error if given a timezone-aware datetime object."""
-        dt = datetime.datetime(2008, 8, 31, 16, 20, tzinfo=utc)
+        dt = datetime.datetime(2008, 8, 31, 16, 20, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
         d = Donut(name="Bear claw", consumed_at=dt)
         # MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes.
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py b/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py
index a01778c719..0c08ccf106 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py
@@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         outer = Author.objects.annotate(
             newest_fan_year=TruncYear(Subquery(inner, output_field=DateTimeField()))
         )
-        tz = timezone.utc if settings.USE_TZ else None
+        tz = datetime_timezone.utc if settings.USE_TZ else None
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             outer.order_by("name").values("name", "newest_fan_year"),
             [
@@ -1758,7 +1758,7 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
                         DTModel.objects.annotate(
                             day_melb=Extract("start_datetime", "day"),
                             day_utc=Extract(
-                                "start_datetime", "day", tzinfo=timezone.utc
+                                "start_datetime", "day", tzinfo=datetime_timezone.utc
                             ),
                         )
                         .order_by("start_datetime")
@@ -1826,9 +1826,8 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_trunc_ambiguous_and_invalid_times(self):
         sao = pytz.timezone("America/Sao_Paulo")
-        utc = timezone.utc
-        start_datetime = datetime(2016, 10, 16, 13, tzinfo=utc)
-        end_datetime = datetime(2016, 2, 21, 1, tzinfo=utc)
+        start_datetime = datetime(2016, 10, 16, 13, tzinfo=datetime_timezone.utc)
+        end_datetime = datetime(2016, 2, 21, 1, tzinfo=datetime_timezone.utc)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         with timezone.override(sao):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(
diff --git a/tests/file_storage/tests.py b/tests/file_storage/tests.py
index f7bbb343d6..87a5e70c33 100644
--- a/tests/file_storage/tests.py
+++ b/tests/file_storage/tests.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import threading
 import time
 import unittest
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from datetime import timezone as datetime_timezone
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from urllib.request import urlopen
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
             naive_now = datetime.now()
             algiers_offset = now_in_algiers.tzinfo.utcoffset(naive_now)
             django_offset = timezone.get_current_timezone().utcoffset(naive_now)
-            utc_offset = timezone.utc.utcoffset(naive_now)
+            utc_offset = datetime_timezone.utc.utcoffset(naive_now)
             self.assertGreater(algiers_offset, utc_offset)
             self.assertLess(django_offset, utc_offset)
 
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
             naive_now = datetime.now()
             algiers_offset = now_in_algiers.tzinfo.utcoffset(naive_now)
             django_offset = timezone.get_current_timezone().utcoffset(naive_now)
-            utc_offset = timezone.utc.utcoffset(naive_now)
+            utc_offset = datetime_timezone.utc.utcoffset(naive_now)
             self.assertGreater(algiers_offset, utc_offset)
             self.assertLess(django_offset, utc_offset)
 
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py
index 3d266da6b7..af303b0436 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-from datetime import date, datetime
+from datetime import date, datetime, timezone
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.forms import DateTimeField
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 
 class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
             ("2014-09-23T22:34:41", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, 41)),
             ("2014-09-23T22:34", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34)),
             ("2014-09-23", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 0, 0)),
-            ("2014-09-23T22:34Z", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=utc)),
+            ("2014-09-23T22:34Z", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
             (
                 "2014-09-23T22:34+07:00",
                 datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(420)),
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 " 2014-09-23T22:34:41.614804 ",
                 datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, 41, 614804),
             ),
-            (" 2014-09-23T22:34Z ", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=utc)),
+            (" 2014-09-23T22:34Z ", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
         ]
         f = DateTimeField()
         for value, expected_datetime in tests:
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py b/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py
index 9edcf8f688..90476270cc 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
-from django.utils import timezone
 
 from .models import Artist, Author, Book, BookSigning, Page
 
@@ -157,7 +156,9 @@ class ArchiveIndexViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_archive_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
@@ -344,7 +345,9 @@ class YearArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_year_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
@@ -517,13 +520,19 @@ class MonthArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_month_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 2, 1, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 2, 1, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 3, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 6, 3, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
@@ -664,7 +673,9 @@ class WeekArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_week_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/week/13/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
@@ -794,19 +805,25 @@ class DayArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_day_view(self):
         bs = BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-02T00:00:00+03:00 (beginning of day) >
         # 2008-04-01T22:00:00+00:00 (book signing event date).
-        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 1, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(
+            2008, 4, 1, 22, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+        )
         bs.save()
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-03T00:00:00+03:00 (end of day) > 2008-04-02T22:00:00+00:00
         # (book signing event date).
-        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(
+            2008, 4, 2, 22, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+        )
         bs.save()
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
@@ -897,19 +914,25 @@ class DateDetailViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_date_detail(self):
         bs = BookSigning.objects.create(
-            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(
+                2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            )
         )
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-02T00:00:00+03:00 (beginning of day) >
         # 2008-04-01T22:00:00+00:00 (book signing event date).
-        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 1, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(
+            2008, 4, 1, 22, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+        )
         bs.save()
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-03T00:00:00+03:00 (end of day) > 2008-04-02T22:00:00+00:00
         # (book signing event date).
-        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(
+            2008, 4, 2, 22, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+        )
         bs.save()
         res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py b/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py
index c98bab382d..432314f795 100644
--- a/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.template import Context, Template, defaultfilters
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from django.utils import translation
 from django.utils.html import escape
-from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
 # Mock out datetime in some tests so they don't fail occasionally when they
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_naturalday_uses_localtime(self):
         # Regression for #18504
         # This is 2012-03-08HT19:30:00-06:00 in America/Chicago
-        dt = datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 9, 1, 30, tzinfo=utc)
+        dt = datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 9, 1, 30, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
 
         orig_humanize_datetime, humanize.datetime = humanize.datetime, MockDateTime
         try:
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
             now + datetime.timedelta(days=2, hours=6),
             now + datetime.timedelta(days=500),
             now.replace(tzinfo=naive()),
-            now.replace(tzinfo=utc),
+            now.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc),
         ]
         result_list = [
             "test",
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_writer.py b/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
index 07a2db989c..3e95ca6c15 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Test comments at top of file.
         """
         migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {"operations": []})
-        dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 7, 31, 4, 40, 0, 0, tzinfo=utc)
+        dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 7, 31, 4, 40, 0, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
         with mock.patch("django.db.migrations.writer.now", lambda: dt):
             for include_header in (True, False):
                 with self.subTest(include_header=include_header):
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py
index aaef47d6be..86722a9f46 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py
@@ -563,8 +563,8 @@ class TestSerialization(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
     lower_date = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
     upper_date = datetime.date(2014, 2, 2)
-    lower_dt = datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-    upper_dt = datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 2, 12, 12, 12, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+    lower_dt = datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+    upper_dt = datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 2, 12, 12, 12, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
 
     def test_dumping(self):
         instance = RangesModel(
@@ -991,7 +991,8 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
         value = field.prepare_value(
             DateTimeTZRange(
-                datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 22, 16, 6, 33, tzinfo=timezone.utc), None
+                datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 22, 16, 6, 33, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc),
+                None,
             )
         )
         self.assertEqual(value, [datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 22, 18, 6, 33), None])
diff --git a/tests/responses/test_cookie.py b/tests/responses/test_cookie.py
index b6610cbaab..ea92584151 100644
--- a/tests/responses/test_cookie.py
+++ b/tests/responses/test_cookie.py
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 import time
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from http import cookies
 
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import freeze_time
 from django.utils.http import http_date
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 
 class SetCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -18,7 +17,9 @@ class SetCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # evaluated expiration time and the time evaluated in set_cookie(). If
         # this difference doesn't exist, the cookie time will be 1 second
         # larger. The sleep guarantees that there will be a time difference.
-        expires = datetime.now(tz=utc).replace(tzinfo=None) + timedelta(seconds=10)
+        expires = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None) + timedelta(
+            seconds=10
+        )
         time.sleep(0.001)
         response.set_cookie("datetime", expires=expires)
         datetime_cookie = response.cookies["datetime"]
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ class SetCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_aware_expiration(self):
         """set_cookie() accepts an aware datetime as expiration time."""
         response = HttpResponse()
-        expires = datetime.now(tz=utc) + timedelta(seconds=10)
+        expires = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=10)
         time.sleep(0.001)
         response.set_cookie("datetime", expires=expires)
         datetime_cookie = response.cookies["datetime"]
diff --git a/tests/schema/tests.py b/tests/schema/tests.py
index 076663e049..d9e59d32dc 100644
--- a/tests/schema/tests.py
+++ b/tests/schema/tests.py
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ from django.db.models.indexes import IndexExpression
 from django.db.transaction import TransactionManagementError, atomic
 from django.test import TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps, register_lookup
-from django.utils import timezone
 
 from .fields import CustomManyToManyField, InheritedManyToManyField, MediumBlobField
 from .models import (
@@ -4231,7 +4230,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         now = datetime.datetime(month=1, day=1, year=2000, hour=1, minute=1)
         now_tz = datetime.datetime(
-            month=1, day=1, year=2000, hour=1, minute=1, tzinfo=timezone.utc
+            month=1, day=1, year=2000, hour=1, minute=1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
         )
         mocked_datetime.now = mock.MagicMock(return_value=now)
         mocked_tz.now = mock.MagicMock(return_value=now_tz)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py
index 1bb4e37485..51614fbb18 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import os
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.staticfiles.storage import ManifestStaticFilesStorage
 from django.core.files import storage
-from django.utils import timezone
 
 
 class DummyStorage(storage.Storage):
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
index 09ce7c488c..6dec3a67bd 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from django.core.management import CommandError, call_command
 from django.core.management.base import SystemCheckError
 from django.test import RequestFactory, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import extend_sys_path
-from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils._os import symlinks_supported
 from django.utils.functional import empty
 
@@ -531,7 +530,7 @@ class TestCollectionNonLocalStorage(TestNoFilesCreated, CollectionTestCase):
         storage = DummyStorage()
         self.assertEqual(
             storage.get_modified_time("name"),
-            datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc),
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             NotImplementedError, "This backend doesn't support absolute paths."
diff --git a/tests/timezones/tests.py b/tests/timezones/tests.py
index 75c79ecfdd..4e26516041 100644
--- a/tests/timezones/tests.py
+++ b/tests/timezones/tests.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ except ImportError:
 # datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), which translates to
 # 10:20:30 in UTC and 17:20:30 in ICT.
 
-UTC = timezone.utc
+UTC = datetime.timezone.utc
 EAT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(180)  # Africa/Nairobi
 ICT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(420)  # Asia/Bangkok
 
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
     @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_execute_accepts_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
-        utc_naive_dt = timezone.make_naive(dt, timezone.utc)
+        utc_naive_dt = timezone.make_naive(dt, datetime.timezone.utc)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
                 "INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)", [utc_naive_dt]
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
     @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_execute_returns_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
-        utc_naive_dt = timezone.make_naive(dt, timezone.utc)
+        utc_naive_dt = timezone.make_naive(dt, datetime.timezone.utc)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py
index 4e4926c85b..4402048f3a 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-from datetime import date, datetime, time, tzinfo
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timezone, tzinfo
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import TZ_SUPPORT, requires_tz_support
 from django.utils import dateformat, translation
 from django.utils.dateformat import format
-from django.utils.timezone import (
-    get_default_timezone,
-    get_fixed_timezone,
-    make_aware,
-    utc,
-)
+from django.utils.timezone import get_default_timezone, get_fixed_timezone, make_aware
 
 
 @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Europe/Copenhagen")
@@ -71,7 +66,7 @@ class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_epoch(self):
-        udt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)
+        udt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         self.assertEqual(format(udt, "U"), "0")
 
     def test_empty_format(self):
@@ -216,7 +211,7 @@ class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_e_format_with_named_time_zone(self):
-        dt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)
+        dt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "e"), "UTC")
 
     @requires_tz_support
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py
index 90deb2ddf2..ee15b6e928 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import datetime
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils import feedgenerator
-from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 
 class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -144,4 +144,7 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for use_tz in (True, False):
             with self.settings(USE_TZ=use_tz):
                 rss_feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed("title", "link", "description")
-                self.assertEqual(rss_feed.latest_post_date().tzinfo, utc)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    rss_feed.latest_post_date().tzinfo,
+                    datetime.timezone.utc,
+                )