Fixed #33211 -- Updated tests for Selenium 4.0.0.

Replaced deprecated `find_element[s]_by_*()` usages, in favour of
`find_element[s]()` with an explicit `By`.

10 files changed, 411 insertions, 325 deletions

diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/tests.py b/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
index 1e51542fa2..36e2fe5c90 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
@@ -116,8 +116,9 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         Block until a new page has loaded and is ready.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
-        old_page = self.selenium.find_element_by_tag_name('html')
+        old_page = self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'html')
         yield
         # Wait for the next page to be loaded
         self.wait_until(ec.staleness_of(old_page), timeout=timeout)
@@ -127,22 +128,24 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         Log in to the admin.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get('%s%s' % (self.live_server_url, login_url))
-        username_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name('username')
+        username_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'username')
         username_input.send_keys(username)
-        password_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name('password')
+        password_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'password')
         password_input.send_keys(password)
         login_text = _('Log in')
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="%s"]' % login_text).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="%s"]' % login_text).click()
 
     def select_option(self, selector, value):
         """
         Select the <OPTION> with the value `value` inside the <SELECT> widget
         identified by the CSS selector `selector`.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(selector))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector))
         select.select_by_value(value)
 
     def deselect_option(self, selector, value):
@@ -150,8 +153,9 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         Deselect the <OPTION> with the value `value` inside the <SELECT> widget
         identified by the CSS selector `selector`.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(selector))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector))
         select.deselect_by_value(value)
 
     def assertCountSeleniumElements(self, selector, count, root_element=None):
@@ -160,23 +164,25 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
 
         `root_element` allow restriction to a pre-selected node.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         root_element = root_element or self.selenium
-        self.assertEqual(len(root_element.find_elements_by_css_selector(selector)), count)
+        self.assertEqual(len(root_element.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector)), count)
 
     def _assertOptionsValues(self, options_selector, values):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         if values:
-            options = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(options_selector)
+            options = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, options_selector)
             actual_values = []
             for option in options:
                 actual_values.append(option.get_attribute('value'))
             self.assertEqual(values, actual_values)
         else:
-            # Prevent the `find_elements_by_css_selector` call from blocking
+            # Prevent the `find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, …)` call from blocking
             # if the selector doesn't match any options as we expect it
             # to be the case.
             with self.disable_implicit_wait():
                 self.wait_until(
-                    lambda driver: not driver.find_elements_by_css_selector(options_selector)
+                    lambda driver: not driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, options_selector)
                 )
 
     def assertSelectOptions(self, selector, values):
@@ -198,5 +204,8 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         Return True if the element identified by `selector` has the CSS class
         `klass`.
         """
-        return (self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(selector)
-                .get_attribute('class').find(klass) != -1)
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+        return self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+            selector,
+        ).get_attribute('class').find(klass) != -1
diff --git a/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt b/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
index 3d955503b1..fbb2e88e1d 100644
--- a/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
+++ b/docs/topics/testing/tools.txt
@@ -951,6 +951,7 @@ subclass which provides that functionality. Replace it with
 The code for this test may look as follows::
 
     from django.contrib.staticfiles.testing import StaticLiveServerTestCase
+    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
     from selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver
 
     class MySeleniumTests(StaticLiveServerTestCase):
@@ -969,11 +970,11 @@ The code for this test may look as follows::
 
         def test_login(self):
             self.selenium.get('%s%s' % (self.live_server_url, '/login/'))
-            username_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("username")
+            username_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "username")
             username_input.send_keys('myuser')
-            password_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_name("password")
+            password_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "password")
             password_input.send_keys('secret')
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Log in"]').click()
 
 Finally, you may run the test as follows:
 
@@ -1011,10 +1012,10 @@ out the `full reference`_ for more details.
             from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
             timeout = 2
             ...
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Log in"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Log in"]').click()
             # Wait until the response is received
             WebDriverWait(self.selenium, timeout).until(
-                lambda driver: driver.find_element_by_tag_name('body'))
+                lambda driver: driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'body'))
 
     The tricky thing here is that there's really no such thing as a "page load,"
     especially in modern web apps that generate HTML dynamically after the
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py b/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
index 7a567ebc10..0626af3fe7 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
@@ -1412,23 +1412,27 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         The status line for selected rows gets updated correctly (#22038).
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist'))
 
         form_id = '#changelist-form'
 
         # Test amount of rows in the Changelist
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
             '%s #result_list tbody tr' % form_id
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 1)
         row = rows[0]
 
-        selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
+        selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
             '%s .action-counter' % form_id
         )
-        all_selector = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('action-toggle')
-        row_selector = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
+        all_selector = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'action-toggle')
+        row_selector = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
             '%s #result_list tbody tr:first-child .action-select' % form_id
         )
 
@@ -1455,12 +1459,13 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         should select all rows in-between.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
 
         Parent.objects.bulk_create([Parent(name='parent%d' % i) for i in range(5)])
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
-        checkboxes = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('tr input.action-select')
+        checkboxes = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'tr input.action-select')
         self.assertEqual(len(checkboxes), 5)
         for c in checkboxes:
             self.assertIs(c.get_property('checked'), False)
@@ -1472,16 +1477,17 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertIs(checkboxes[-1].get_property('checked'), False)
 
     def test_select_all_across_pages(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         Parent.objects.bulk_create([Parent(name='parent%d' % i) for i in range(101)])
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
 
-        selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.action-counter')
-        select_all_indicator = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.actions .all')
-        question = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.actions > .question')
-        clear = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.actions > .clear')
-        select_all = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('action-toggle')
-        select_across = self.selenium.find_elements_by_name('select_across')
+        selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.action-counter')
+        select_all_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.actions .all')
+        question = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.actions > .question')
+        clear = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.actions > .clear')
+        select_all = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'action-toggle')
+        select_across = self.selenium.find_elements(By.NAME, 'select_across')
 
         self.assertIs(question.is_displayed(), False)
         self.assertIs(clear.is_displayed(), False)
@@ -1522,16 +1528,17 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertIs(select_all_indicator.is_displayed(), False)
 
     def test_actions_warn_on_pending_edits(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         Parent.objects.create(name='foo')
 
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
 
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_form-0-name')
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-name')
         name_input.clear()
         name_input.send_keys('bar')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('action-toggle').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('index').click()  # Go
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'action-toggle').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'index').click()  # Go
         alert = self.selenium.switch_to.alert
         try:
             self.assertEqual(
@@ -1543,6 +1550,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             alert.dismiss()
 
     def test_save_with_changes_warns_on_pending_action(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
         Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
@@ -1550,13 +1558,13 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
 
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_form-0-name')
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-name')
         name_input.clear()
         name_input.send_keys('other name')
         Select(
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_name('action')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'action')
         ).select_by_value('delete_selected')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('_save').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, '_save').click()
         alert = self.selenium.switch_to.alert
         try:
             self.assertEqual(
@@ -1569,6 +1577,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             alert.dismiss()
 
     def test_save_without_changes_warns_on_pending_action(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
         Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
@@ -1577,9 +1586,9 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
 
         Select(
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_name('action')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'action')
         ).select_by_value('delete_selected')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('_save').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, '_save').click()
         alert = self.selenium.switch_to.alert
         try:
             self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py b/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py
index 831135bdc4..54bbec28aa 100644
--- a/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py
@@ -1275,6 +1275,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         The "Add another XXX" link correctly adds items to the stacked formset.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
@@ -1282,12 +1283,12 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         rows_selector = '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set' % inline_id
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
-        add_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text(
-            'Add another Inner4 stacked')
+        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Inner4 stacked')
         add_button.click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 4)
 
     def test_delete_stackeds(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
@@ -1296,19 +1297,19 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
 
-        add_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text(
-            'Add another Inner4 stacked')
+        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Inner4 stacked')
         add_button.click()
         add_button.click()
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 5)
-        for delete_link in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('%s .inline-deletelink' % inline_id):
+        for delete_link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '%s .inline-deletelink' % inline_id):
             delete_link.click()
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 0)
 
     def test_delete_invalid_stacked_inlines(self):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
@@ -1317,42 +1318,46 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
 
-        add_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text(
-            'Add another Inner4 stacked')
+        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.LINK_TEXT,
+            'Add another Inner4 stacked',
+        )
         add_button.click()
         add_button.click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#id_inner4stacked_set-4-dummy', 1)
 
         # Enter some data and click 'Save'.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('dummy').send_keys('1')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4stacked_set-0-dummy').send_keys('100')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4stacked_set-1-dummy').send_keys('101')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4stacked_set-2-dummy').send_keys('222')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4stacked_set-3-dummy').send_keys('103')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4stacked_set-4-dummy').send_keys('222')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'dummy').send_keys('1')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-0-dummy').send_keys('100')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-1-dummy').send_keys('101')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-2-dummy').send_keys('222')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-3-dummy').send_keys('103')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-4-dummy').send_keys('222')
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         # Sanity check.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 5)
-        errorlist = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
-            '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li' % inline_id
+        errorlist = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+            '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li' % inline_id,
         )
         self.assertEqual('Please correct the duplicate values below.', errorlist.text)
-        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#inner4stacked_set-4 .inline-deletelink')
+        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#inner4stacked_set-4 .inline-deletelink')
         delete_link.click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 4)
         with self.disable_implicit_wait(), self.assertRaises(NoSuchElementException):
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li' % inline_id)
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li' % inline_id)
 
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         # The objects have been created in the database.
         self.assertEqual(Inner4Stacked.objects.all().count(), 4)
 
     def test_delete_invalid_tabular_inlines(self):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
@@ -1361,39 +1366,43 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
 
-        add_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text(
-            'Add another Inner4 tabular')
+        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.LINK_TEXT,
+            'Add another Inner4 tabular'
+        )
         add_button.click()
         add_button.click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#id_inner4tabular_set-4-dummy', 1)
 
         # Enter some data and click 'Save'.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('dummy').send_keys('1')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4tabular_set-0-dummy').send_keys('100')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4tabular_set-1-dummy').send_keys('101')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4tabular_set-2-dummy').send_keys('222')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4tabular_set-3-dummy').send_keys('103')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('inner4tabular_set-4-dummy').send_keys('222')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'dummy').send_keys('1')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-0-dummy').send_keys('100')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-1-dummy').send_keys('101')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-2-dummy').send_keys('222')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-3-dummy').send_keys('103')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-4-dummy').send_keys('222')
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+
         # Sanity Check.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 5)
 
         # Non-field errorlist is in its own <tr> just before
         # tr#inner4tabular_set-3:
-        errorlist = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
+        errorlist = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
             '%s #inner4tabular_set-3 + .row-form-errors .errorlist li' % inline_id
         )
         self.assertEqual('Please correct the duplicate values below.', errorlist.text)
-        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#inner4tabular_set-4 .inline-deletelink')
+        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#inner4tabular_set-4 .inline-deletelink')
         delete_link.click()
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 4)
         with self.disable_implicit_wait(), self.assertRaises(NoSuchElementException):
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('%s .dynamic-inner4tabular_set .errorlist li' % inline_id)
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '%s .dynamic-inner4tabular_set .errorlist li' % inline_id)
 
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         # The objects have been created in the database.
         self.assertEqual(Inner4Tabular.objects.all().count(), 4)
@@ -1402,50 +1411,51 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         The "Add another XXX" link correctly adds items to the inline form.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_add'))
 
         # There's only one inline to start with and it has the correct ID.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set', 1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('.dynamic-profile_set')[0].get_attribute('id'),
+            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-profile_set')[0].get_attribute('id'),
             'profile_set-0',
         )
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0 input[name=profile_set-0-first_name]', 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0 input[name=profile_set-0-last_name]', 1)
 
         # Add an inline
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
 
         # The inline has been added, it has the right id, and it contains the
         # correct fields.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set', 2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('.dynamic-profile_set')[1].get_attribute('id'),
+            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-profile_set')[1].get_attribute('id'),
             'profile_set-1',
         )
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 input[name=profile_set-1-first_name]', 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 input[name=profile_set-1-last_name]', 1)
         # Let's add another one to be sure
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set', 3)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('.dynamic-profile_set')[2].get_attribute('id'),
+            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-profile_set')[2].get_attribute('id'),
             'profile_set-2',
         )
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 input[name=profile_set-2-first_name]', 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 input[name=profile_set-2-last_name]', 1)
 
         # Enter some data and click 'Save'
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('profile_set-0-first_name').send_keys('0 first name 1')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('profile_set-0-last_name').send_keys('0 last name 2')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('profile_set-1-first_name').send_keys('1 first name 1')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('profile_set-1-last_name').send_keys('1 last name 2')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('profile_set-2-first_name').send_keys('2 first name 1')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_name('profile_set-2-last_name').send_keys('2 last name 2')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-0-first_name').send_keys('0 first name 1')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-0-last_name').send_keys('0 last name 2')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-1-first_name').send_keys('1 first name 1')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-1-last_name').send_keys('1 last name 2')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-2-first_name').send_keys('2 first name 1')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-2-last_name').send_keys('2 last name 2')
 
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         # The objects have been created in the database
         self.assertEqual(ProfileCollection.objects.all().count(), 1)
@@ -1453,6 +1463,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
     def test_add_inline_link_absent_for_view_only_parent_model(self):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         user = User.objects.create_user('testing', password='password', is_staff=True)
         user.user_permissions.add(
             Permission.objects.get(codename='view_poll', content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Poll))
@@ -1468,17 +1479,18 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             with self.assertRaises(NoSuchElementException):
-                self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Question')
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Question')
 
     def test_delete_inlines(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_add'))
 
         # Add a few inlines
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Profile').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Profile').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Profile').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#profile_set-group table tr.dynamic-profile_set', 5)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0', 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1', 1)
@@ -1486,10 +1498,14 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-3', 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-4', 1)
         # Click on a few delete buttons
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
-            'form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 td.delete a').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
-            'form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 td.delete a').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+            'form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 td.delete a',
+        ).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+            'form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 td.delete a',
+        ).click()
         # The rows are gone and the IDs have been re-sequenced
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#profile_set-group table tr.dynamic-profile_set', 3)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0', 1)
@@ -1497,18 +1513,20 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2', 1)
 
     def test_collapsed_inlines(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         # Collapsed inlines have SHOW/HIDE links.
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
         # One field is in a stacked inline, other in a tabular one.
         test_fields = ['#id_nonautopkbook_set-0-title', '#id_nonautopkbook_set-2-0-title']
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('SHOW')
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
         self.assertEqual(len(show_links), 3)
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
-        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('HIDE')
+        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'HIDE')
         self.assertEqual(len(hide_links), 2)
         for hide_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
@@ -1516,17 +1534,18 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
 
     def test_added_stacked_inline_with_collapsed_fields(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_teacher_add'))
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Child').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Child').click()
         test_fields = ['#id_child_set-0-name', '#id_child_set-1-name']
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('SHOW')
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
         self.assertEqual(len(show_links), 2)
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
-        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('HIDE')
+        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'HIDE')
         self.assertEqual(len(hide_links), 2)
         for hide_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
@@ -1561,31 +1580,32 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             self.assertIn(element.value_of_css_property(prop), colors)
 
     def test_inline_formset_error_input_border(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder5_add'))
         self.wait_until_visible('#id_dummy')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_dummy').send_keys(1)
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_dummy').send_keys(1)
         fields = ['id_inner5stacked_set-0-dummy', 'id_inner5tabular_set-0-dummy']
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('SHOW')
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(fields):
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible('#' + field_name)
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(field_name).send_keys(1)
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, field_name).send_keys(1)
 
         # Before save all inputs have default border
         for inline in ('stacked', 'tabular'):
             for field_name in ('name', 'select', 'text'):
                 element_id = 'id_inner5%s_set-0-%s' % (inline, field_name)
                 self.assertBorder(
-                    self.selenium.find_element_by_id(element_id),
+                    self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, element_id),
                     '1px solid #cccccc',
                 )
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         # Test the red border around inputs by css selectors
         stacked_selectors = ['.errors input', '.errors select', '.errors textarea']
         for selector in stacked_selectors:
             self.assertBorder(
-                self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(selector),
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector),
                 '1px solid #ba2121',
             )
         tabular_selectors = [
@@ -1593,20 +1613,21 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         ]
         for selector in tabular_selectors:
             self.assertBorder(
-                self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(selector),
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector),
                 '1px solid #ba2121',
             )
 
     def test_inline_formset_error(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder5_add'))
         stacked_inline_formset_selector = 'div#inner5stacked_set-group fieldset.module.collapse'
         tabular_inline_formset_selector = 'div#inner5tabular_set-group fieldset.module.collapse'
         # Inlines without errors, both inlines collapsed
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(stacked_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(tabular_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 1)
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('SHOW')
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
         self.assertEqual(len(show_links), 2)
 
         # Inlines with errors, both inlines expanded
@@ -1614,8 +1635,8 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields):
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(field_name[1:]).send_keys(1)
-        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('HIDE')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, field_name[1:]).send_keys(1)
+        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'HIDE')
         self.assertEqual(len(hide_links), 2)
         for hide_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields):
             hide_link = hide_links[hide_index]
@@ -1623,7 +1644,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             hide_link.click()
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(stacked_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 0)
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(tabular_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 0)
@@ -1635,10 +1656,11 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         The item added by the "Add another XXX" link must use the correct
         verbose_name in the inline form.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
         # Hide sidebar.
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_course_add'))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
         toggle_button.click()
         # Each combination of horizontal/vertical filter with stacked/tabular
         # inlines.
@@ -1654,16 +1676,16 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             with self.subTest(url=url_name):
                 self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse(url_name))
                 # First inline shows the verbose_name.
-                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector % 0)
+                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 0)
                 self.assertEqual(available.text, 'AVAILABLE ATTENDANT')
                 self.assertEqual(chosen.text, 'CHOSEN ATTENDANT')
                 # Added inline should also have the correct verbose_name.
-                self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Class').click()
-                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector % 1)
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Class').click()
+                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 1)
                 self.assertEqual(available.text, 'AVAILABLE ATTENDANT')
                 self.assertEqual(chosen.text, 'CHOSEN ATTENDANT')
                 # Third inline should also have the correct verbose_name.
-                self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Class').click()
-                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector % 2)
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Class').click()
+                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 2)
                 self.assertEqual(available.text, 'AVAILABLE ATTENDANT')
                 self.assertEqual(chosen.text, 'CHOSEN ATTENDANT')
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py b/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
index 302e454109..dfaba42009 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
@@ -331,11 +331,13 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
     @contextmanager
     def select2_ajax_wait(self, timeout=10):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
         yield
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             try:
-                loading_element = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
+                loading_element = self.selenium.find_element(
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR,
                     'li.select2-results__option.loading-results'
                 )
             except NoSuchElementException:
@@ -344,24 +346,25 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
                 self.wait_until(ec.staleness_of(loading_element), timeout=timeout)
 
     def test_select(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-selection')
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results__option')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
         self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
         q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
         Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
         # PAGINATOR_SIZE results and "Loading more results".
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-search__field')
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
@@ -386,27 +389,28 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_question'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_question'))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(q1.pk))
 
     def test_select_multiple(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-selection')
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results__option')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
         self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
         Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
         Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-search__field')
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
@@ -427,25 +431,27 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         elem.click()
         search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_related_questions'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions'))
         self.assertEqual(len(select.all_selected_options), 2)
 
     def test_inline_add_another_widgets(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         def assertNoResults(row):
-            elem = row.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-selection')
+            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
             elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-            results = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results')
+            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
             self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-            option = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.select2-results__option')
+            option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
             self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
 
         # Autocomplete works in rows present when the page loads.
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add'))
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
         assertNoResults(rows[0])
         # Autocomplete works in rows added using the "Add another" button.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Add another Authorship').click()
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Authorship').click()
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 4)
         assertNoResults(rows[-1])
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py b/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
index 102e4d0064..329fe34b28 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
@@ -115,53 +115,57 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.selenium.execute_script("localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')")
 
     def test_sidebar_starts_open(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#main')
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
         self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
 
     def test_sidebar_can_be_closed(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
         self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, 'button')
         self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute('aria-label'), 'Toggle navigation')
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('#nav-sidebar a'):
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
             self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
         toggle_button.click()
         # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('#nav-sidebar a'):
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
             self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#main')
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
         self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
 
     def test_sidebar_state_persists(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
         self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
         toggle_button.click()
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
             'false',
         )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#main')
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
         self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
 
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
         # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('#nav-sidebar a'):
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
             self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
         toggle_button.click()
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('#nav-sidebar a'):
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
             self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
             'true',
         )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#main')
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
         self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
 
     def test_sidebar_filter_persists(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(
             self.live_server_url +
             reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
@@ -170,6 +174,6 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             "return sessionStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarFilterValue')"
         )
         self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script))
-        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#nav-filter')
+        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-filter')
         filter_input.send_keys('users')
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), 'users')
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/tests.py b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
index c90358bfb2..1621c066e5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
@@ -4578,8 +4578,9 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
     def test_login_button_centered(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
-        button = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.submit-row input')
+        button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.submit-row input')
         offset_left = button.get_property('offsetLeft')
         offset_right = (
             button.get_property('offsetParent').get_property('offsetWidth') -
@@ -4594,52 +4595,53 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         and with stacked and tabular inlines.
         Refs #13068, #9264, #9983, #9784.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_add'))
         self.wait_for('.select2')
 
         # Main form ----------------------------------------------------------
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_pubdate').send_keys('2012-02-18')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_pubdate').send_keys('2012-02-18')
         self.select_option('#id_status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name').send_keys(' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ')
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        slug3 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug3').get_attribute('value')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug3 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug3').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18')
         self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii')
         self.assertEqual(slug3, 'the-main-n\xe0m\xeb-and-its-aw\u03b5\u0161ome\u0131\u0131\u0131i')
 
         # Stacked inlines ----------------------------------------------------
         # Initial inline
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-17')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-17')
         self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name').send_keys(
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name').send_keys(
             ' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  '
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17')
         self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline')
-        initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements_by_class_name('select2-selection')
+        initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')
         # Inline formsets have empty/invisible forms.
         # Only the 4 visible select2 inputs are initialized.
         num_initial_select2_inputs = len(initial_select2_inputs)
         self.assertEqual(num_initial_select2_inputs, 4)
 
         # Add an inline
-        self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('Add another Related prepopulated')[0].click()
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[0].click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements_by_class_name('select2-selection')),
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
             num_initial_select2_inputs + 2
         )
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-25')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-25')
         self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name').send_keys(
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name').send_keys(
             ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... '
             'loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooog text... '
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
         # 50 characters maximum for slug1 field
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
         # 60 characters maximum for slug2 field
@@ -4647,47 +4649,47 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Tabular inlines ----------------------------------------------------
         # Initial inline
-        element = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status')
+        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status')
         self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate').send_keys('1234-12-07')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate').send_keys('1234-12-07')
         self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name').send_keys(
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name').send_keys(
             'And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!'
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07')
         self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline')
 
         # Add an inline
         # Button may be outside the browser frame.
-        element = self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('Add another Related prepopulated')[1]
+        element = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[1]
         self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
         element.click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements_by_class_name('select2-selection')),
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
             num_initial_select2_inputs + 4
         )
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate').send_keys('1981-08-22')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate').send_keys('1981-08-22')
         self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name').send_keys(
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name').send_keys(
             r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters'
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22')
         self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters')
         # Add an inline without an initial inline.
         # The button is outside of the browser frame.
         self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")
-        self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('Add another Related prepopulated')[2].click()
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[2].click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements_by_class_name('select2-selection')),
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
             num_initial_select2_inputs + 6
         )
         # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.assertEqual(MainPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 1)
         MainPrepopulated.objects.get(
             name=' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ',
@@ -4733,6 +4735,8 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         The prepopulation works for existing objects too, as long as
         the original field is empty (#19082).
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         # Slugs are empty to start with.
         item = MainPrepopulated.objects.create(
             name=' this is the mAin nÀMë',
@@ -4746,24 +4750,24 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         object_url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_change', args=(item.id,))
 
         self.selenium.get(object_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name').send_keys(' the best')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the best')
 
         # The slugs got prepopulated since they were originally empty
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
         self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
 
         # Save the object
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         self.selenium.get(object_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name').send_keys(' hello')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' hello')
 
         # The slugs got prepopulated didn't change since they were originally not empty
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
         self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
 
@@ -4772,22 +4776,25 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         The 'collapse' class in fieldsets definition allows to
         show/hide the appropriate field section.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').is_displayed())
-        self.selenium.find_elements_by_link_text('Show')[0].click()
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').is_displayed())
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('fieldsetcollapser0').text, "Hide")
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
+        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
+        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'fieldsetcollapser0').text, "Hide")
 
     def test_first_field_focus(self):
         """JavaScript-assisted auto-focus on first usable form field."""
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         # First form field has a single widget
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_picture_add'))
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
         )
 
         # First form field has a MultiWidget
@@ -4795,19 +4802,20 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_reservation_add'))
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_start_date_0')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_start_date_0')
         )
 
     def test_cancel_delete_confirmation(self):
         "Cancelling the deletion of an object takes the user back one page."
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
         url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
         full_url = self.live_server_url + url
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         self.selenium.get(full_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_class_name('deletelink').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
         # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_class_name('cancel-link').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
         # Wait until we're back on the change page.
         self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
@@ -4818,6 +4826,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         Cancelling the deletion of an object with relations takes the user back
         one page.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
         topping1 = Topping.objects.create(name="Cheddar")
         topping2 = Topping.objects.create(name="Mozzarella")
@@ -4826,9 +4835,9 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         full_url = self.live_server_url + url
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         self.selenium.get(full_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_class_name('deletelink').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
         # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_class_name('cancel-link').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
         # Wait until we're back on the change page.
         self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
@@ -4839,6 +4848,7 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         list_editable foreign keys have add/change popups.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
         Article.objects.create(
@@ -4850,109 +4860,114 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
         # Change popup
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('change_id_form-0-section').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_form-0-section').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change section')
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name')
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
         name_input.clear()
         name_input.send_keys('<i>edited section</i>')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         # Hide sidebar.
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
         toggle_button.click()
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_form-0-section'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '<i>edited section</i>')
         # Rendered select2 input.
-        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element_by_class_name('select2-selection__rendered')
+        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
         # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
         self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\n<i>edited section</i>')
 
         # Add popup
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_form-0-section').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_form-0-section').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Add section')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name').send_keys('new section')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys('new section')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_form-0-section'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, 'new section')
-        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element_by_class_name('select2-selection__rendered')
+        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
         # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
         self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\nnew section')
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_edit_with_popup(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('change_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_parent').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, str(parent.id))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(parent.id))
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_add_with_popup(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_add'))
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_parent').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
         uuid_id = str(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.first().id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, uuid_id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), uuid_id)
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_delete_with_popup(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('delete_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Yes, I’m sure"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Yes, I’m sure"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
         self.assertEqual(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.count(), 0)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '---------')
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), '')
 
     def test_inline_with_popup_cancel_delete(self):
         """Clicking ""No, take me back" on a delete popup closes the window."""
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('delete_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//a[text()="No, take me back"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//a[text()="No, take me back"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 1)
 
     def test_list_editable_raw_id_fields(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
         parent2 = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test2')
         RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_changelist', current_app=site2.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('lookup_id_form-0-parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_form-0-parent').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         # Select "parent2" in the popup.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text(str(parent2.pk)).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, str(parent2.pk)).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         # The newly selected pk should appear in the raw id input.
-        value = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_form-0-parent').get_attribute('value')
+        value = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-parent').get_attribute('value')
         self.assertEqual(value, str(parent2.pk))
 
     def test_input_element_font(self):
@@ -4960,8 +4975,9 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         Browsers' default stylesheets override the font of inputs. The admin
         adds additional CSS to handle this.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
-        element = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_username')
+        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
         # Some browsers quotes the fonts, some don't.
         fonts = [
             font.strip().strip('"')
@@ -4973,13 +4989,14 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_search_input_filtered_page(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
         Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         person_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui'
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + person_url)
         self.assertGreater(
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id('searchbar').rect['width'],
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'searchbar').rect['width'],
             50,
         )
 
@@ -4987,41 +5004,42 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         Create a chain of 'self' related objects via popups.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
 
         base_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
         popup_window_test = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
 
         popup_window_test2 = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').send_keys('test2')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').send_keys('test3')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test3')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test2)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test3").id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test2").id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(base_window)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test").id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
 
@@ -5029,32 +5047,33 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         Cleanup child popups when closing a parent popup.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
         add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
         test_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
 
         test2_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_title').send_keys('test2')
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
         self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 4)
 
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(test2_window)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.wait_until(lambda d: len(d.window_handles) == 2, 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 2)
 
         # Close final popup to clean up test.
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(test_window)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.wait_until(lambda d: len(d.window_handles) == 1, 1)
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[-1])
 
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py b/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
index b79f6e0903..133be0a5d2 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
@@ -789,6 +789,7 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Pressing the ESC key or clicking on a widget value closes the date and
         time picker widgets.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
 
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
@@ -796,51 +797,51 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
 
         # First, with the date picker widget ---------------------------------
-        cal_icon = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarlink0')
+        cal_icon = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0')
         # The date picker is hidden
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
         # Click the calendar icon
         cal_icon.click()
         # The date picker is visible
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
         # Press the ESC key
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_tag_name('body').send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'body').send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
         # The date picker is hidden again
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
         # Click the calendar icon, then on the 15th of current month
         cal_icon.click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath("//a[contains(text(), '15')]").click()
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[contains(text(), '15')]").click()
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_birthdate_0').get_attribute('value'),
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_0').get_attribute('value'),
             datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-') + '15',
         )
 
         # Then, with the time picker widget ----------------------------------
-        time_icon = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('clocklink0')
+        time_icon = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clocklink0')
         # The time picker is hidden
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
         # Click the time icon
         time_icon.click()
         # The time picker is visible
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
         self.assertEqual(
             [
                 x.text for x in
-                self.selenium.find_elements_by_xpath("//ul[@class='timelist']/li/a")
+                self.selenium.find_elements(By.XPATH, "//ul[@class='timelist']/li/a")
             ],
             ['Now', 'Midnight', '6 a.m.', 'Noon', '6 p.m.']
         )
         # Press the ESC key
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_tag_name('body').send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'body').send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
         # The time picker is hidden again
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
         # Click the time icon, then select the 'Noon' value
         time_icon.click()
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath("//a[contains(text(), 'Noon')]").click()
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[contains(text(), 'Noon')]").click()
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_birthdate_1').get_attribute('value'),
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_1').get_attribute('value'),
             '12:00:00',
         )
 
@@ -849,19 +850,20 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Ensure cells that are not days of the month have the `nonday` CSS class.
         Refs #4574.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
 
         # fill in the birth date.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_birthdate_0').send_keys('2013-06-01')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_0').send_keys('2013-06-01')
 
         # Click the calendar icon
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarlink0').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
 
         # get all the tds within the calendar
-        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarin0')
-        tds = calendar0.find_elements_by_tag_name('td')
+        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarin0')
+        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'td')
 
         # make sure the first and last 6 cells have class nonday
         for td in tds[:6] + tds[-6:]:
@@ -872,19 +874,20 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Ensure cell for the day in the input has the `selected` CSS class.
         Refs #4574.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
 
         # fill in the birth date.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_birthdate_0').send_keys('2013-06-01')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_0').send_keys('2013-06-01')
 
         # Click the calendar icon
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarlink0').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
 
         # get all the tds within the calendar
-        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarin0')
-        tds = calendar0.find_elements_by_tag_name('td')
+        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarin0')
+        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'td')
 
         # verify the selected cell
         selected = tds[6]
@@ -897,16 +900,17 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Ensure no cells are given the selected class when the field is empty.
         Refs #4574.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
 
         # Click the calendar icon
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarlink0').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
 
         # get all the tds within the calendar
-        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarin0')
-        tds = calendar0.find_elements_by_tag_name('td')
+        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarin0')
+        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'td')
 
         # verify there are no cells with the selected class
         selected = [td for td in tds if td.get_attribute('class') == 'selected']
@@ -918,6 +922,7 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         The calendar shows the date from the input field for every locale
         supported by Django.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
 
@@ -948,7 +953,7 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
                 url = reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_change', args=(member.pk,))
                 self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + url)
                 # Click on the calendar icon
-                self.selenium.find_element_by_id('calendarlink0').click()
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
                 # Make sure that the right month and year are displayed
                 self.wait_for_text('#calendarin0 caption', expected_caption)
 
@@ -965,6 +970,7 @@ class DateTimePickerShortcutsSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         in the default time zone "America/Chicago" despite `override_settings` changing
         the time zone to "Asia/Singapore".
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
 
         error_margin = timedelta(seconds=10)
@@ -979,14 +985,14 @@ class DateTimePickerShortcutsSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
 
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_name').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys('test')
 
         # Click on the "today" and "now" shortcuts.
-        shortcuts = self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector('.field-birthdate .datetimeshortcuts')
+        shortcuts = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.field-birthdate .datetimeshortcuts')
 
         now = datetime.now()
         for shortcut in shortcuts:
-            shortcut.find_element_by_tag_name('a').click()
+            shortcut.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'a').click()
 
         # There is a time zone mismatch warning.
         # Warning: This would effectively fail if the TIME_ZONE defined in the
@@ -996,7 +1002,7 @@ class DateTimePickerShortcutsSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Submit the form.
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_name('_save').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, '_save').click()
 
         # Make sure that "now" in JavaScript is within 10 seconds
         # from "now" on the server side.
@@ -1038,6 +1044,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(remove_all_link, 'active'), remove_all)
 
     def execute_basic_operations(self, mode, field_name):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         original_url = self.selenium.current_url
 
         from_box = '#id_%s_from' % field_name
@@ -1058,13 +1065,13 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Click 'Choose all' --------------------------------------------------
         if mode == 'horizontal':
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(choose_all_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_all_link).click()
         elif mode == 'vertical':
             # There 's no 'Choose all' button in vertical mode, so individually
             # select all options and click 'Choose'.
-            for option in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(from_box + ' > option'):
+            for option in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, from_box + ' > option'):
                 option.click()
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(choose_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
         self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [])
         self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [
             str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id),
@@ -1076,13 +1083,13 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Click 'Remove all' --------------------------------------------------
         if mode == 'horizontal':
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(remove_all_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_all_link).click()
         elif mode == 'vertical':
             # There 's no 'Remove all' button in vertical mode, so individually
             # select all options and click 'Remove'.
-            for option in self.selenium.find_elements_by_css_selector(to_box + ' > option'):
+            for option in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, to_box + ' > option'):
                 option.click()
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(remove_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
         self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
             str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id),
             str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
@@ -1093,7 +1100,8 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, False)
 
         # Choose some options ------------------------------------------------
-        from_lisa_select_option = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
+        from_lisa_select_option = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
             '{} > option[value="{}"]'.format(from_box, self.lisa.id)
         )
 
@@ -1105,7 +1113,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.bob.id))
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.john.id))
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, True, False, True, False)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id(choose_link).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, True)
 
         self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
@@ -1118,7 +1126,8 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         ])
 
         # Check the tooltip is still there after moving: ticket #20821
-        to_lisa_select_option = self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(
+        to_lisa_select_option = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
             '{} > option[value="{}"]'.format(to_box, self.lisa.id)
         )
         self.assertEqual(to_lisa_select_option.get_attribute('title'), to_lisa_select_option.get_attribute('text'))
@@ -1127,7 +1136,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.select_option(to_box, str(self.lisa.id))
         self.select_option(to_box, str(self.bob.id))
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, True, True, True)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id(remove_link).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, True)
 
         self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
@@ -1140,7 +1149,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         # Choose some more options --------------------------------------------
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.arthur.id))
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.cliff.id))
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id(choose_link).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
 
         self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
             str(self.peter.id), str(self.jenny.id),
@@ -1157,7 +1166,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Confirm they're selected after clicking inactive buttons: ticket #26575
         self.assertSelectedOptions(from_box, [str(self.peter.id), str(self.lisa.id)])
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id(remove_link).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
         self.assertSelectedOptions(from_box, [str(self.peter.id), str(self.lisa.id)])
 
         # Unselect the options ------------------------------------------------
@@ -1170,7 +1179,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Confirm they're selected after clicking inactive buttons: ticket #26575
         self.assertSelectedOptions(to_box, [str(self.jason.id), str(self.john.id)])
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id(choose_link).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
         self.assertSelectedOptions(to_box, [str(self.jason.id), str(self.john.id)])
 
         # Unselect the options ------------------------------------------------
@@ -1181,6 +1190,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, original_url)
 
     def test_basic(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
         self.school.students.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
         self.school.alumni.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
@@ -1193,7 +1203,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.execute_basic_operations('horizontal', 'alumni')
 
         # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database ---
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.wait_page_ready()
         self.school = School.objects.get(id=self.school.id)  # Reload from database
         self.assertEqual(list(self.school.students.all()), [self.arthur, self.cliff, self.jason, self.john])
@@ -1204,6 +1214,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Typing in the search box filters out options displayed in the 'from'
         box.
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
 
         self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
@@ -1218,7 +1229,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
             to_box = '#id_%s_to' % field_name
             choose_link = 'id_%s_add_link' % field_name
             remove_link = 'id_%s_remove_link' % field_name
-            input = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_%s_input' % field_name)
+            input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_%s_input' % field_name)
 
             # Initial values
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
@@ -1248,14 +1259,14 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
             input.send_keys('a')
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)])
             self.select_option(from_box, str(self.jason.id))
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(choose_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id)])
             self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [
                 str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id), str(self.jason.id),
             ])
 
             self.select_option(to_box, str(self.lisa.id))
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(remove_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.lisa.id)])
             self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [str(self.peter.id), str(self.jason.id)])
 
@@ -1271,7 +1282,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
             # Pressing enter on a filtered option sends it properly to
             # the 'to' box.
             self.select_option(to_box, str(self.jason.id))
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_id(remove_link).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
             input.send_keys('ja')
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.jason.id)])
             input.send_keys([Keys.ENTER])
@@ -1280,7 +1291,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database ---
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@value="Save"]').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.school = School.objects.get(id=self.school.id)  # Reload from database
         self.assertEqual(list(self.school.students.all()), [self.jason, self.peter])
         self.assertEqual(list(self.school.alumni.all()), [self.jason, self.peter])
@@ -1291,13 +1302,14 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         and then clicking the browser's back button would clear the
         filter_horizontal/filter_vertical widgets (#13614).
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.school.students.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
         self.school.alumni.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         change_url = reverse('admin:admin_widgets_school_change', args=(self.school.id,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
         # Navigate away and go back to the change form page.
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Home').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Home').click()
         self.selenium.back()
         expected_unselected_values = [
             str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id), str(self.cliff.id),
@@ -1341,17 +1353,18 @@ class AdminRawIdWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Band.objects.create(id=98, name='Green Potatoes')
 
     def test_ForeignKey(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_event_add'))
         main_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
 
         # No value has been selected yet
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_main_band').get_attribute('value'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_main_band').get_attribute('value'), '')
 
         # Open the popup window and click on a band
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('lookup_id_main_band').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_main_band').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Bogey Blues')
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Bogey Blues')
         self.assertIn('/band/42/', link.get_attribute('href'))
         link.click()
 
@@ -1360,9 +1373,9 @@ class AdminRawIdWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.wait_for_value('#id_main_band', '42')
 
         # Reopen the popup window and click on another band
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('lookup_id_main_band').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_main_band').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Green Potatoes')
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Green Potatoes')
         self.assertIn('/band/98/', link.get_attribute('href'))
         link.click()
 
@@ -1371,23 +1384,24 @@ class AdminRawIdWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.wait_for_value('#id_main_band', '98')
 
     def test_many_to_many(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_event_add'))
         main_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
 
         # No value has been selected yet
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_supporting_bands').get_attribute('value'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_supporting_bands').get_attribute('value'), '')
 
         # Help text for the field is displayed
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('.field-supporting_bands div.help').text,
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.field-supporting_bands div.help').text,
             'Supporting Bands.'
         )
 
         # Open the popup window and click on a band
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('lookup_id_supporting_bands').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_supporting_bands').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Bogey Blues')
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Bogey Blues')
         self.assertIn('/band/42/', link.get_attribute('href'))
         link.click()
 
@@ -1396,9 +1410,9 @@ class AdminRawIdWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.wait_for_value('#id_supporting_bands', '42')
 
         # Reopen the popup window and click on another band
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('lookup_id_supporting_bands').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_supporting_bands').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element_by_link_text('Green Potatoes')
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Green Potatoes')
         self.assertIn('/band/98/', link.get_attribute('href'))
         link.click()
 
@@ -1410,42 +1424,43 @@ class AdminRawIdWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 class RelatedFieldWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
     def test_ForeignKey_using_to_field(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_profile_add'))
 
         main_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
         # Click the Add User button to add new
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('add_id_user').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_user').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        password_field = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_password')
+        password_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_password')
         password_field.send_keys('password')
 
-        username_field = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_username')
+        username_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
         username_value = 'newuser'
         username_field.send_keys(username_value)
 
         save_button_css_selector = '.submit-row > input[type=submit]'
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(save_button_css_selector).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, save_button_css_selector).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
         # The field now contains the new user
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#id_user option[value=newuser]')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#id_user option[value=newuser]')
 
         # Click the Change User button to change it
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('change_id_user').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_user').click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
-        username_field = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('id_username')
+        username_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
         username_value = 'changednewuser'
         username_field.clear()
         username_field.send_keys(username_value)
 
         save_button_css_selector = '.submit-row > input[type=submit]'
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(save_button_css_selector).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, save_button_css_selector).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector('#id_user option[value=changednewuser]')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#id_user option[value=changednewuser]')
 
         # Go ahead and submit the form to make sure it works
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_css_selector(save_button_css_selector).click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, save_button_css_selector).click()
         self.wait_for_text('li.success', 'The profile “changednewuser” was added successfully.')
         profiles = Profile.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(len(profiles), 1)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py
index 9d06075c9b..f429f92547 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ class LiveWidgetTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         A roundtrip on a ModelForm doesn't alter the TextField value
         """
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         article = Article.objects.create(content="\nTst\n")
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('article_form', args=[article.pk]))
-        self.selenium.find_element_by_id('submit').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'submit').click()
         article = Article.objects.get(pk=article.pk)
         self.assertEqual(article.content, "\r\nTst\r\n")
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
index bfc31d9c70..26a415ec48 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
@@ -438,23 +438,23 @@ class I18nSeleniumTests(SeleniumTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='de')
     def test_javascript_gettext(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + '/jsi18n_template/')
-
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("gettext")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "gettext")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "Entfernen")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("ngettext_sing")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "ngettext_sing")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "1 Element")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("ngettext_plur")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "ngettext_plur")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "455 Elemente")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("ngettext_onnonplural")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "ngettext_onnonplural")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "Bild")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("pgettext")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "pgettext")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "Kann")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("npgettext_sing")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "npgettext_sing")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "1 Resultat")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("npgettext_plur")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "npgettext_plur")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "455 Resultate")
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id("formats")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "formats")
         self.assertEqual(
             elem.text,
             "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS is an object; DECIMAL_SEPARATOR is a string; FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK is a number;"
@@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ class I18nSeleniumTests(SeleniumTestCase):
     @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['view_tests.app1', 'view_tests.app2']})
     @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr')
     def test_multiple_catalogs(self):
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + '/jsi18n_multi_catalogs/')
-
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('app1string')
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'app1string')
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, 'il faut traduire cette chaîne de caractères de app1')
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element_by_id('app2string')
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'app2string')
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, 'il faut traduire cette chaîne de caractères de app2')