[4.2.x] Refs #33476 -- Applied Black's 2023 stable style.

Black 23.1.0 is released which, as the first release of the year,
introduces the 2023 stable style. This incorporates most of last year's
preview style.

https://github.com/psf/black/releases/tag/23.1.0

Backport of 097e3a70c1481ee7b042b2edd91b2be86fb7b5b6 from main

64 files changed, 18 insertions, 64 deletions

diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py
index d02e128497..6270e1032d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
         ("contenttypes", "__first__"),
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py
index 4e83978e21..7fcf9c0c39 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("admin", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py
index 59b22314d4..a73e55fc25 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("admin", "0002_logentry_remove_auto_add"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/options.py b/django/contrib/admin/options.py
index 6c6ee8cee7..1bbb302611 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/options.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/options.py
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         base_action_names = {name for _, name, _ in base_actions}
 
         # Gather actions from the admin site first
-        for (name, func) in self.admin_site.actions:
+        for name, func in self.admin_site.actions:
             if name in base_action_names:
                 continue
             description = self._get_action_description(func, name)
@@ -1106,6 +1106,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         Return a tuple containing a queryset to implement the search
         and a boolean indicating if the results may contain duplicates.
         """
+
         # Apply keyword searches.
         def construct_search(field_name):
             if field_name.startswith("^"):
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/tests.py b/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
index 70c3949fef..dc857055b1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ class CSPMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
 @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={"append": "django.contrib.admin.tests.CSPMiddleware"})
 class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
-
     available_apps = [
         "django.contrib.admin",
         "django.contrib.auth",
diff --git a/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py b/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py
index 1d08541057..a5e710835e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class ViewIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
             view_functions = extract_views_from_urlpatterns(url_resolver.url_patterns)
         except ImproperlyConfigured:
             view_functions = []
-        for (func, regex, namespace, name) in view_functions:
+        for func, regex, namespace, name in view_functions:
             views.append(
                 {
                     "full_name": get_view_name(func),
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 3d1635f461..cfeaa3aeae 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("contenttypes", "__first__"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py
index a9ca6f51a9..67a9560aa8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py
index 8a57548460..13d437e72e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0002_alter_permission_name_max_length"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py
index 6930e9bccb..f3fe36adcb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0003_alter_user_email_max_length"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py
index 8407e2d822..42b584e9f5 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0004_alter_user_username_opts"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py
index b4e816a56f..2032c112a0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0005_alter_user_last_login_null"),
         ("contenttypes", "0002_remove_content_type_name"),
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py
index 3c94141e61..ca010807c8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0006_require_contenttypes_0002"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py
index bfb844bb2a..caac0f1d69 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py
index e0665366d0..d347829064 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0008_alter_user_username_max_length"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py
index a58e11480f..8ba274477f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py
index 839c950417..1014f20498 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("auth", "0011_update_proxy_permissions"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 5468fb6a0d..7ea39d4f3f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py
index cb026e7503..29f047434b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ def add_legacy_name(apps, schema_editor):
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("contenttypes", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 631ebbcb1e..db95098841 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py b/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
index 9ba262aaf8..2a5c135d5c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ class OpenLayersWidget(Textarea):
 
     def map_options(self):
         """Build the map options hash for the OpenLayers template."""
+
         # JavaScript construction utilities for the Bounds and Projection.
         def ol_bounds(extent):
             return "new OpenLayers.Bounds(%s)" % extent
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
index c191d0b1f7..a19266779d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ class SDORelate(SpatialOperator):
 
 
 class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
-
     name = "oracle"
     oracle = True
     disallowed_aggregates = (models.Collect, models.Extent3D, models.MakeLine)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
index f030b7fc1d..63e47aa130 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 
 
 class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
-
     _GEOS_CLASSES = None
 
     ptr_type = GEOM_PTR
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 3b3b87962a..7881d5798c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py
index 84f67e10d9..9976366005 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("redirects", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 83b0bbc2ae..42e382aa32 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
diff --git a/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py b/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
index 679f7ed611..1f5b5ef314 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ def index(
     content_type="application/xml",
     sitemap_url_name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
 ):
-
     req_protocol = request.scheme
     req_site = get_current_site(request)
 
@@ -108,7 +107,6 @@ def sitemap(
     template_name="sitemap.xml",
     content_type="application/xml",
 ):
-
     req_protocol = request.scheme
     req_site = get_current_site(request)
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 181cf47ad7..a23f0f129b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py
index ccc7bfc384..e379a91f67 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
     dependencies = [
         ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/models.py b/django/contrib/sites/models.py
index e1544f1fa2..7f8bce920e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/models.py
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ class SiteManager(models.Manager):
 
 
 class Site(models.Model):
-
     domain = models.CharField(
         _("domain name"),
         max_length=100,
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/db.py b/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
index e022b96abe..f41105177f 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ class BaseDatabaseCache(BaseCache):
 
 
 class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
-
     # This class uses cursors provided by the database connection. This means
     # it reads expiration values as aware or naive datetimes, depending on the
     # value of USE_TZ and whether the database supports time zones. The ORM's
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py b/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py
index 038b82698d..cc183517e3 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 # There is no need to sort dependencies when natural foreign
                 # keys are not used.
                 models = []
-                for (app_config, model_list) in app_list.items():
+                for app_config, model_list in app_list.items():
                     if model_list is None:
                         models.extend(app_config.get_models())
                     else:
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py b/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py
index a46edb3b7b..6571cbc2e2 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-
         self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
         self.interactive = options["interactive"]
         app_label = options["app_label"]
diff --git a/django/core/management/templates.py b/django/core/management/templates.py
index dd83668bca..8c2232ee7a 100644
--- a/django/core/management/templates.py
+++ b/django/core/management/templates.py
@@ -158,7 +158,6 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
         prefix_length = len(template_dir) + 1
 
         for root, dirs, files in os.walk(template_dir):
-
             path_rest = root[prefix_length:]
             relative_dir = path_rest.replace(base_name, name)
             if relative_dir:
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/python.py b/django/core/serializers/python.py
index fa3bce2948..36048601af 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/python.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/python.py
@@ -128,8 +128,7 @@ def Deserializer(
         field_names = field_names_cache[Model]
 
         # Handle each field
-        for (field_name, field_value) in d["fields"].items():
-
+        for field_name, field_value in d["fields"].items():
             if ignorenonexistent and field_name not in field_names:
                 # skip fields no longer on model
                 continue
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/creation.py b/django/db/backends/base/creation.py
index 8a54f4061a..cbac8a7f76 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/creation.py
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         Designed only for test runner usage; will not handle large
         amounts of data.
         """
+
         # Iteratively return every object for all models to serialize.
         def get_objects():
             from django.db.migrations.loader import MigrationLoader
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/operations.py b/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
index 4ee73c0734..d2bc336dd8 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         exists for database backends to provide a better implementation
         according to their own quoting schemes.
         """
+
         # Convert params to contain string values.
         def to_string(s):
             return force_str(s, strings_only=True, errors="replace")
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
index e61445e46c..65b8fb7f42 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 
 
 class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
-
     sql_rename_table = "RENAME TABLE %(old_table)s TO %(new_table)s"
 
     sql_alter_column_null = "MODIFY %(column)s %(type)s NULL"
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
index ec5c9f4142..aca6d83962 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from django.utils.duration import duration_iso_string
 
 
 class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
-
     sql_create_column = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD %(column)s %(definition)s"
     sql_alter_column_type = "MODIFY %(column)s %(type)s%(collation)s"
     sql_alter_column_null = "MODIFY %(column)s NULL"
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py
index 9e24b186cf..3db3d6abd2 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py
@@ -476,7 +476,6 @@ if is_psycopg3:
                 return self.cursor.copy(statement)
 
 else:
-
     Cursor = psycopg2.extensions.cursor
 
     class CursorDebugWrapper(BaseCursorDebugWrapper):
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py
index 2887071254..321fa530aa 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.db.backends.utils import strip_quotes
 
 
 class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
-
     # Setting all constraints to IMMEDIATE to allow changing data in the same
     # transaction.
     sql_update_with_default = (
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
index c9e924b182..89867b6623 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from django.db.transaction import atomic
 
 
 class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
-
     sql_delete_table = "DROP TABLE %(table)s"
     sql_create_fk = None
     sql_create_inline_fk = (
@@ -191,6 +190,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
           4. Rename the "new__app_model" table to "app_model"
           5. Restore any index of the previous "app_model" table.
         """
+
         # Self-referential fields must be recreated rather than copied from
         # the old model to ensure their remote_field.field_name doesn't refer
         # to an altered field.
diff --git a/django/db/backends/utils.py b/django/db/backends/utils.py
index df6532e81f..9155bcdfbb 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/utils.py
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ class CursorWrapper:
 
 
 class CursorDebugWrapper(CursorWrapper):
-
     # XXX callproc isn't instrumented at this time.
 
     def execute(self, sql, params=None):
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
index a243aba0b6..8847441a03 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
             fields = zip(
                 old_model._meta.local_many_to_many, new_model._meta.local_many_to_many
             )
-            for (old_field, new_field) in fields:
+            for old_field, new_field in fields:
                 # Skip self-referential fields as these are renamed above.
                 if (
                     new_field.model == new_field.related_model
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class AlterModelTable(ModelOptionOperation):
                 new_model._meta.db_table,
             )
             # Rename M2M fields whose name is based on this model's db_table
-            for (old_field, new_field) in zip(
+            for old_field, new_field in zip(
                 old_model._meta.local_many_to_many, new_model._meta.local_many_to_many
             ):
                 if new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
diff --git a/django/db/models/expressions.py b/django/db/models/expressions.py
index fc1d94fefb..175bee1bf9 100644
--- a/django/db/models/expressions.py
+++ b/django/db/models/expressions.py
@@ -1108,7 +1108,6 @@ class Star(Expression):
 
 
 class Col(Expression):
-
     contains_column_references = True
     possibly_multivalued = False
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/files.py b/django/db/models/fields/files.py
index 04b3eb3473..7f8eb128e1 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/files.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/files.py
@@ -222,7 +222,6 @@ class FileDescriptor(DeferredAttribute):
 
 
 class FileField(Field):
-
     # The class to wrap instance attributes in. Accessing the file object off
     # the instance will always return an instance of attr_class.
     attr_class = FieldFile
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/related.py b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
index e5dd4e2a85..7840edf381 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/related.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
@@ -344,7 +344,6 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         return None
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, private_only=False, **kwargs):
-
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, private_only=private_only, **kwargs)
 
         self.opts = cls._meta
@@ -541,7 +540,6 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         swappable=True,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if rel is None:
             rel = self.rel_class(
                 self,
@@ -1616,7 +1614,6 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                     (source_field_name, source),
                     (target_field_name, target),
                 ):
-
                     possible_field_names = []
                     for f in through._meta.fields:
                         if (
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py b/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py
index 02d92a9a07..79c94f2aee 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py
@@ -360,7 +360,6 @@ class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
 
 
 class Trunc(TruncBase):
-
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, remove is_dst
     # argument.
     def __init__(
diff --git a/django/db/models/options.py b/django/db/models/options.py
index 607b19fb8a..be3d68f390 100644
--- a/django/db/models/options.py
+++ b/django/db/models/options.py
@@ -528,6 +528,7 @@ class Options:
         combined with filtering of field properties is the public API for
         obtaining this field list.
         """
+
         # For legacy reasons, the fields property should only contain forward
         # fields that are not private or with a m2m cardinality. Therefore we
         # pass these three filters as filters to the generator.
diff --git a/django/db/models/query.py b/django/db/models/query.py
index 13d24bb871..19c9ced23e 100644
--- a/django/db/models/query.py
+++ b/django/db/models/query.py
@@ -2123,7 +2123,7 @@ class RawQuerySet:
         """
         columns = self.query.get_columns()
         # Adjust any column names which don't match field names
-        for (query_name, model_name) in self.translations.items():
+        for query_name, model_name in self.translations.items():
             # Ignore translations for nonexistent column names
             try:
                 index = columns.index(query_name)
diff --git a/django/forms/widgets.py b/django/forms/widgets.py
index c5c531ada7..9dd30095aa 100644
--- a/django/forms/widgets.py
+++ b/django/forms/widgets.py
@@ -489,7 +489,6 @@ class ClearableFileInput(FileInput):
         if not self.is_required and CheckboxInput().value_from_datadict(
             data, files, self.clear_checkbox_name(name)
         ):
-
             if upload:
                 # If the user contradicts themselves (uploads a new file AND
                 # checks the "clear" checkbox), we return a unique marker
diff --git a/django/template/backends/base.py b/django/template/backends/base.py
index 240733e6f4..991ce64cb7 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/base.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/base.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
 class BaseEngine:
-
     # Core methods: engines have to provide their own implementation
     #               (except for from_string which is optional).
 
diff --git a/django/template/backends/django.py b/django/template/backends/django.py
index 218e5e0bc1..d6d6fcfe71 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/django.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/django.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from .base import BaseEngine
 
 
 class DjangoTemplates(BaseEngine):
-
     app_dirname = "templates"
 
     def __init__(self, params):
diff --git a/django/template/backends/dummy.py b/django/template/backends/dummy.py
index 692382b6b1..cf0c0012a8 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/dummy.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/dummy.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from .utils import csrf_input_lazy, csrf_token_lazy
 
 
 class TemplateStrings(BaseEngine):
-
     app_dirname = "template_strings"
 
     def __init__(self, params):
diff --git a/django/template/backends/jinja2.py b/django/template/backends/jinja2.py
index 031278c2e2..83cc136147 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/jinja2.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/jinja2.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from .utils import csrf_input_lazy, csrf_token_lazy
 
 
 class Jinja2(BaseEngine):
-
     app_dirname = "jinja2"
 
     def __init__(self, params):
diff --git a/django/template/defaulttags.py b/django/template/defaulttags.py
index 59049069de..b10a811c7c 100644
--- a/django/template/defaulttags.py
+++ b/django/template/defaulttags.py
@@ -309,7 +309,6 @@ class IfNode(Node):
 
     def render(self, context):
         for condition, nodelist in self.conditions_nodelists:
-
             if condition is not None:  # if / elif clause
                 try:
                     match = condition.eval(context)
diff --git a/django/test/client.py b/django/test/client.py
index 66a08a8117..c699eb9264 100644
--- a/django/test/client.py
+++ b/django/test/client.py
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ def encode_multipart(boundary, data):
     # Each bit of the multipart form data could be either a form value or a
     # file, or a *list* of form values and/or files. Remember that HTTP field
     # names can be duplicated!
-    for (key, value) in data.items():
+    for key, value in data.items():
         if value is None:
             raise TypeError(
                 "Cannot encode None for key '%s' as POST data. Did you mean "
diff --git a/django/test/runner.py b/django/test/runner.py
index fb4d77ed60..76b3dc8ed3 100644
--- a/django/test/runner.py
+++ b/django/test/runner.py
@@ -659,7 +659,6 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         logger=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         self.pattern = pattern
         self.top_level = top_level
         self.verbosity = verbosity
diff --git a/django/test/testcases.py b/django/test/testcases.py
index c29a13a710..1d8980ceed 100644
--- a/django/test/testcases.py
+++ b/django/test/testcases.py
@@ -290,7 +290,6 @@ class _AssertFormErrorDeprecationHelper:
 
 
 class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-
     # The class we'll use for the test client self.client.
     # Can be overridden in derived classes.
     client_class = Client
@@ -800,7 +799,6 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             )
 
     def _get_template_used(self, response, template_name, msg_prefix, method_name):
-
         if response is None and template_name is None:
             raise TypeError("response and/or template_name argument must be provided")
 
@@ -1157,7 +1155,6 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     # Subclasses can ask for resetting of auto increment sequence before each
     # test case
     reset_sequences = False
diff --git a/django/utils/cache.py b/django/utils/cache.py
index 2dd2c7796c..d9f96d8f7f 100644
--- a/django/utils/cache.py
+++ b/django/utils/cache.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs):
     elif "public" in cc and "private" in kwargs:
         del cc["public"]
 
-    for (k, v) in kwargs.items():
+    for k, v in kwargs.items():
         directive = k.replace("_", "-")
         if directive == "no-cache":
             # no-cache supports multiple field names.
diff --git a/django/utils/decorators.py b/django/utils/decorators.py
index 650247a7bb..735821d475 100644
--- a/django/utils/decorators.py
+++ b/django/utils/decorators.py
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ def method_decorator(decorator, name=""):
     """
     Convert a function decorator into a method decorator
     """
+
     # 'obj' can be a class or a function. If 'obj' is a function at the time it
     # is passed to _dec,  it will eventually be a method of the class it is
     # defined on. If 'obj' is a class, the 'name' is required to be the name
diff --git a/django/utils/numberformat.py b/django/utils/numberformat.py
index a1ecd1bd0d..2b5a138ed5 100644
--- a/django/utils/numberformat.py
+++ b/django/utils/numberformat.py
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ def format(
     if isinstance(number, float) and "e" in str(number).lower():
         number = Decimal(str(number))
     if isinstance(number, Decimal):
-
         if decimal_pos is not None:
             # If the provided number is too small to affect any of the visible
             # decimal places, consider it equal to '0'.
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/common.py b/django/views/decorators/common.py
index fe4d58f591..71ee232ae4 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/common.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/common.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ def no_append_slash(view_func):
     Mark a view function as excluded from CommonMiddleware's APPEND_SLASH
     redirection.
     """
+
     # view_func.should_append_slash = False would also work, but decorators are
     # nicer if they don't have side effects, so return a new function.
     @wraps(view_func)
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/csrf.py b/django/views/decorators/csrf.py
index 40ac58bc1d..92771c56df 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/csrf.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/csrf.py
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ uses the csrf_token template tag, or the CsrfViewMiddleware is used.
 
 def csrf_exempt(view_func):
     """Mark a view function as being exempt from the CSRF view protection."""
+
     # view_func.csrf_exempt = True would also work, but decorators are nicer
     # if they don't have side effects, so return a new function.
     @wraps(view_func)